“Even at that early period when every comfort of life was easily accessible, I observed his utter indifference to self-indulgence of any kind, or even such ordinary comforts as most people would be inclined to call indispensable necessities. After an early and very simple breakfast, he would buckle on his instruments, grasp his hammer and with map in hand, march off to the field, in which he would toil on without cessation, without thinking for a moment of food or rest, until the shades of evening gave warning that it was time to retrace his steps towards home, or to seek some temporary dwelling."
Alexander Murray describing William Logan, as quoted in Harrington (1883, at page 142)
I expect that most readers of this blog will realize that the Geological Survey of Canada was founded in 1842, twenty-five years before Confederation, that last year – 2017 – was the 175th anniversary of the founding of the Survey, that William E. Logan was appointed the first director of the Survey, and that he is still held in awe by everyone with an interest in Canadian geology. In large part this is because of his incredible work ethic, his ability to train and inspire others at the Geological Survey of Canada, “[h]is painstaking methods and wonderful powers of observation and ... his marvelous insight as to the relations of the various series of rocks to one another” (Robert Bell, 1907). Those qualities have been remarked on by numerous others, including Sterry Hunt who commented “His great merit was the possession of a rare skill in stratigraphy, and an amount of patience, industry and devotion to his work, which has rarely been equalled ...” (Hunt, 1876) and Sidney Lee, 1893, who commented “His distinguishing characteristic as a geologist lay in the power he possessed of grappling with the stratigraphy and structure of the most complicated regions.”
Sir William E. Logan has been called ‘the father of Canadian science’ (Bryce, 1887; Lee, 1893) and ‘the father of Canadian Geology’ (Alcock, 1947, 1948; Smith, 2000). Bryce, 1887, also called Logan “our greatest scientific Canadian” and this was repeated over a century later when in 1998 Sir William Logan was ranked by Maclean's Magazine as the being the most important Canadian Scientist and the sixth most important Canadian in History. However, to any Canadian with a background in geology, those accolades understate his worth. I believe that it is fair to say that without Logan there would have been no Geological Survey of Canada (or if there had been a geological survey it would have had a short life). There would have been no geological museum in Montreal (the predecessor of the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Canadian Museum of History, and Logan Hall). Elkanah Billings (a lawyer and newspaper editor with an interest in geology and paleontology) would not have been hired as the first Paleontologist of the Geological Survey and would not have gone on to identify 1065 new species and 61 new genera. Dr. James Wilson’s discovery near Perth would not have received early publication as Climactichnites wilsoni. The trackways found near Beauharnois would not have received such early publication as Protichnites, and it would have been decades before anyone realized that the sandstones at Beauharnois were in a littoral environment. Would Sterry Hunt, a twenty year old chemist and mineralogist when hired, have gone on to fame as a petrologist? Alexander Murray was a naval officer before Logan trained him as a geologist: Murray went on to head the Geological Survey of Newfoundland. James Richardson (a farmer and school teacher) was hired and trained by Logan, and had a long, fruitful career with the Survey. Logan collected the first meteorite found in Canada and was the first to attempt a chronological sequence for the precambrian rocks. Looking back on his life’s work it is hard to believe that Logan's contributions (discussed further below) were made by one man.
In the year of his passing Ryerson and Hodgins, 1875, started their obituary notice with the statement that Sir William E. Logan, was “one of the most noted geologists of his time, and one to whom Canada owes a debt she perhaps can never repay. He has accomplished more for her, and won more fame for her, than any other individual in his profession, and has, during a long series of years, done much to introduce her to men of science in Europe, where the Knight was most esteemed.” Over seventy years later, in a publication to celebrate the centenary of the Geological Survey, Alcock (1947) stated:
“Sir William Logan was the founder and first director of the Geological Survey of Canada, but he was something more. For the 27 years of his association with it, he, in his own person, practically constituted the Survey. During that time he built up an organization of enthusiastic assistants, but he himself always remained the most active worker , the guiding spirit, and the one whose passion for research and accomplishment inspired all his associates. Throughout his lifetime the worth of his character and the value of his contribution were recognized not only in the country he was serving but everywhere the science of geology was pursued, and the passing time has not dimmed but rather has enhanced his reputation . Wherever more recent workers have followed in his footsteps there has been uniform respect for the conclusions he reached and the work he performed. It is small wonder, therefore, that his name is the most prized heritage that the Geological Survey possesses.”
The Essential Online Logan
At the end of this posting I’ve provided two lists of references that mention Logan: the first is a list of the papers, books and web sites that are devoted to or mention Logan that are available online, together with their web addresses; the second is a list of books and articles that are not freely available online (or that I have not yet read). The first list also includes the YouTube reference for the 1942 documentary film produced by the National Film Board on the Centenary of the Geological Survey of Canada, and doctoral theses by Rygel (2005) and by Shipley (2007) .
I have tried to select from the first list the most informative books and articles that are available online that I believe that one should read to acquire a working knowledge of Logan. I had wanted only to select three to five books or articles, but couldn’t do it, as many excellent authors have written on Logan. Below is my list of the essential online books and articles on Logan that everyone should read.
I expect that Harrington’s biography on Logan would be everyone’s first choice:
1. Harrington, Bernard J., 1883
Life of Sir William E. Logan, Kt.
Dawson Brothers, Montreal, 432 pages
https://archive.org/stream/lifeofsirwilliam00harrrich#page/n7/mode/2up
These are my next seven recommendations:
2. Bell, Robert, 1907a
Sir William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada; The Mortimer Co., Ottawa, 28 pages
(pages 27 to 54 in Winder (2004):
https://books.google.ca/books?id=ujccUqbsAtoC&pg=PA27&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://online.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.71045/3?r=0&s=1
3. Harrington, Bernard J., 1876, 1877, 1878,
Sir William Edmond Logan. Obituary notice read before the Natural History Society of Montreal, October 25th, 1875; American Journal of Science and Arts, Third Series, Volume XI (1876), no. 62, February, 1876, 81–93. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113474#page/89/mode/1up
Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1875-1876, (1877) 501 pages, at pages 8-21 https://doi.org/10.4095/297007 The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science, New Series, volume 8 (1878), pages 31 - 46; https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32753#page/49/mode/1up
4. Bell, Robert, 1870
Sir William Logan and our Geological Survey. [On the occasion of Sir William Logan’s retirement from the Directorship of the Geological Survey.] New Dominion Monthly, Montreal, February, 1870, Pages 60-62. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2935040;view=1up;seq=152
5. Torrens, H. S., 1999
William Edmond Logan's geological apprenticeship in Britain 1831-1842: Geoscience Canada, v. 26, No. 3, p. 97-110.
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/4009/4523
6. Rygel, Michael C. and Shipley, Brian C., 2005
"Such a section as never was put together before": Logan, Dawson, Lyell, and mid-Nineteenth-Century measurements of the Pennsylvanian Joggins section of Nova Scotia
Atlantic Geology, Volume 41, Numbers 2 and 3 [S.l.], feb. 2006. ISSN 1718-7885. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ag/article/view/179/684
7. Geikie, Archibald, 1875,
Sir William Edmond Logan, [obituary] Nature, volume 12, pages 161-163
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61871#page/187/mode/1up
8. Anonymous, 1845-1889
Sir William Logan Scrapbook; in Baldwin Collection of Toronto Reference Library.
http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-LOGAN-MANU-W-3&R=DC-LOGAN-MANU-W-3
http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/logan-manu-w-3.pdf
Of those it is only Robert Bell’s 1870 paper and Geikie’s obituary notice that most fans of Sir William Logan will have overlooked.
In my two lists I have included references to some of Logan’s papers, his notebooks and his journals; it is not close to being exhaustive. I’ve included a few of his journals as it is in these that one gets an appreciation of his sense of humor. His notebooks are worth a quick look to get an appreciation of his drawing skills.
To compile a fairly complete list of Sir William Edmond Logan’s papers see both: Nickles, John M., 1923. Geologic Literature on North America, 1785-1918, Part I, Bibliography. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 746, at pages 671-672
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951p00620007b;view=1up;seq=675
- and - Morgan, Henry J., 1867. Logan, Sir William Edmond, F.R.S., F.G.S, LL.D., in Bibliotheca Canadensis: G. E. Desbarats, Ottawa, 779 pages, at pages 228-234
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924032392486#page/n245/mode/1up/search/logan
In my first list I have included references to books by Lyell, Dana, Geikie, De la Beche (pronounced Beach; who knew?), Murchison, and Walcott – all leading geologists whose careers overlapped Logan – and provide the page numbers that mention Logan by name. I did this in order to show the esteem with which he was held by his contemporaries. Worth particular notice is that Sir Roderick Impey Murchison dedicated the fourth edition (1867) of his book Siluria to Sir William Logan, commenting “To Sir William Logan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey of Canada. ... I now dedicate this Volume to the Geologist who has not only applied my classification to the vast regions of British North America, but has taught us by his recent important researches that the Laurentian Rocks constitute the foundation of all Palaeozoic deposits in the crust of the Globe, wherever their Foundations are known.”
In my first list I have also included a fair number of obituary notices. I did this not because this might be the only topic on Logan upon which no one else has written, but because they show that Sir William Logan was genuinely liked and respected by his contemporaries, and had a sense of humour. For example, the Obituary Notice of Sir William Edmond Logan that appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London concludes with "... no man was ever more esteemed and beloved by a numerous circle of friends" (Anonymous, 1876a) while Sir Archibald Geikie (1875) started his notice with “By the death of this illustrious geologist and most genial man, science has been deprived of one of her bravest and best soldiers, while those who personally knew him have lost a true, warm-hearted friend.” and concluded his notice by saying “By those who were privileged with his friendship, Sir William Logan will be affectionately remembered as a frank, earnest, simple-hearted man, ever gentle and helpful, enthusiastically devoted to his profession, and never happier than when discussing geological questions in a tête-à-tête, full of quiet humour, too, and showing by many a playful sally in the midst of his more serious talk, the geniality and brightness of his sunny nature. Peace to his memory!” I also compared the notices of Sir William Logan’s passing with obituary notices for other geologists and fellows of British scientific societies that passed away in the same year. Most notices for others recite the deceased’s scientific accomplishments and fail to remark on the deceased’s personality.
Logan’s contemporaries also spoke highly of him during his lifetime. Sandford Fleming, 1856, in a speech read before the Canadian Institute, summarized Sir William Logan’s career to that point in time, complimenting each aspect of his career. G. W. Allan, 1859, in the President’s Address read before the Canadian Institute, commented “In geological science, Canada, thanks to the labours of Sir William Logan and his able coadjutors, must always hold a place of honor. It may safely be asserted that the geological survey has done more for the reputation of Canada among intelligent and scientific men abroad and in England, than anything else connected with the country.” Lareau (1874) commented “Sir William Edmond Logan a dirigé l'exploration géologique dn Canada depuis 1842. La réputation qu'il s'est acquise dans cette étude, ses connaissances variées, la facilité laquelle il écrit sur des sujets scientifiques, l’amabilité de ses manièrs, la simplicité de ses gouts et les services qu’il a redus au pays lui donnent un rang distingué parmi nos célébrités contemporaines.” Robert Bell (1870) on the occasion of Sir William Logan’s retirement from the Directorship of the Geological Survey at age seventy-two, commented: “To say that Sir William Logan is a very popular man would not be doing him justice. The feeling of all classes towards him would be expressed by saying that he is a favorite of the public. ... In taking leave of his responsible office, he does so without having a single enemy, which we imagine cannot be said of any other public man.” It is worth noting that those last comments are by a person who had just been passed over by Logan for the directorship of the Survey.
Sir William Logan’s Most Important Contributions and Accomplishments
Sir Archibald Geikie (1875), I believe, sums up many people’s view of Logan: “He has done a great work in his time, and has left a name and an example to be cherished among the honoured possessions of geology.” Here is a list of what I believe to be Sir William Logan’s more important contributions and accomplishments, which I’ve tried to arrange chronologically. (The volume of text devoted to each item does not reflect its importance.)
A) THEORY FOR THE FORMATION OF COAL - Logan was the first to demonstrate that the stratum of clay that underlies coal-beds was the soil in which the vegetation grew. North (1932) comments that “Logan noticed that, almost invariably, the coal seams of South Wales rested upon an underclay characterized by the presence of fossils known as Stigmaria, and differing considerably from the shales with leaf impressions that usually occur above the coal. ... he concluded that plants were in situ, and suggested that the coal seams themselves represented material that had accumulated in situ–that is where the trees from which it was derived had actually been growing, and did not represent vegetable matter drifted into estuaries or even into the sea itself.” This is Logan’s contribution that appears to have generated the most praise during his lifetime and afterwards. In the 1856 speech awarding the Wollaston Medal to Sir William Logan, the President of the Geological Society of London devoted two paragraphs to describing Logan’s observations on coal. Nineteen years later Sir Archibald Geikie commented “The value of this contribution to our knowledge of the history of coal and the changes in physical geography to which the stratified rocks bear witness, can hardly be over-estimated.” [Geikie, 1875, obituary notice in Nature]. An anonymous writer of another obituary notice commented “Looking back, after a lapse of forty years, we are astonished at the brilliance of Logan’s early deduction, which served to throw so clear a light upon the nature and origin of coal, and entitles its author to our highest esteem as a most careful and accurate observer [see: Anonymous 1875, obituary notice in The Geological Magazine]”.
B) GEOLOGIC MAP OF WALES: Logan’s geologic map of part of Wales was adopted by the Geological Survey of Great Britain, without changes. Logan’s map was exhibited by him in 1837 before the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In a letter date April 4, 1842 discussing the subject of William Logan’s qualifications to undertake the Geological examination of Canada, and written in support of William Logan, Sir. H. T. De la Beche, Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, commented: “The work on this district being of an order so greatly superior to that usual with geologists, and corresponding in the minuteness and accuracy with the maps and sections executed by the Ordinance Geological Survey, we felt desirous of availing ourselves of it, when Mr. Logan most handsomely placed it at our disposal. Having verified this work with great care, we find it so excellent that we shall adopt it for that part of the country to which it relates.” (See Anonymous, 1846 for the letter; see Logan and De la Beche, 1844 for the map). W. E. Logan is named as co-author of four early British Geological Maps for Wales, namely Old Series No. 36, 37, 41, and 42S.W., and is given credit for mapping the coal measures shown on those maps.
C) HORIZONTAL SECTIONS TO TRUE SCALE: Logan introduced the practice of drawing, horizontal sections to true scale (six inches to the mile), which was adopted by the Geological Survey of Great Britain (North, 1932). Zeller and Branagan, 1993, note that “Logan made a major contribution to survey methods by using chain, theodolite and level to obtain topographical detail so that detailed cross-sections at a scale of 6 inches to a mile could be drawn." Sir Archibald Geikie, 1895, noted that “These sections formed as novel a feature as the detailed maps in the progress of geological surveying. They had been constructed by Logan in Wales, in order to represent accurately the structure of the great South Welsh coal-field. ... The sections were on a true scale, vertical as well as horizontal. By carefully chaining and levelling, the topography of the ground was represented correctly, and for the first time the relations between surface-features and underground structure were clearly brought out.” Winder, 2003, commented that this “allowed predictions about the depths of mines and the discovery of coal seams that were not exposed at the surface.” Sanford Fleming (1856) stated of Logan’s geologic map and sections of the Welsh coal field that Logan’s work “has been declared by the first scientific men of Europe, to be ‘unrivalled in its time, and never surpassed since.’”
D) OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF ICE IN THE ST. LAWRENCE: In 1842 Logan presented a paper to the Geological Society of London in which he described the tremendous forces exerted by ice in the River Saint Lawrence. Sanford Fleming (1856, pages 239-240) commented that “The principles laid down in this latter paper appeared so indisputable to Mr. Stephenson, the eminent engineer, that he has been materially guided by it in reference to the construction and site of the great Victoria Bridge” a railway bridge built over the St. Lawrence River. Frederick N. Boxer, in a book describing the construction of the Victoria Bridge mentions (at page 28) “To William E. Logan was Mr. Stephenson indebted for his first ideas of the probable effect of the pressure of the ice against piers”, includes a long extract from Logan’s paper, and includes an extract from a letter Mr. Stephenson had written in 1854 in which he states “To this memoir [Logan’s Paper] I am much indebted for a clear comprehension of the formidable tumult that takes place at different times amongst the huge masses of ice on the surface of the river, and which must strike the eye as if irresistible forces were in operation, or such as, at all events, would put all calculations in defiance.”
E) FIRST REPORT OF FOOTPRINTS IN CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS: In 1842 Logan delivered a paper to the Geological Society of London reporting on his 1841 investigations of the coal fields of Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia. Two identical reports of his paper mention that at Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia he“obtained a slab which appears to him to exhibit foot-prints”. In the report Logan suggested the rocks were Triassic. Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1843) suggested that Logan’s slab belonged not in the Triassic but in the Permian. Charles Lyell was the first to assign the rocks of Logan’s find a Carboniferous age, in a paper read May 10, 1843 before the Geological Society of London dealing with the coal formation of Nova Scotia , identical reports of which appeared in five scientific journals. All five reports of Lyell’s paper mention that at Horton’s Bluff “Mr. Logan discovered footsteps which appear to Mr. Owen to belong to some unknown species of reptile, constituting the first indications of the reptilian class known in the carboniferous rocks.”
Today William Logan’s discovery of foot-prints at Horton Bluff is acknowledged as important. In a recent text book on trace fossils, Pemberton et al. (2006, at page 16) mention that Sir William Logan “provided the first demonstration of the existence of land animals in the Upper Paleozoic, when he described the first ever traces observed of land animals from the Carboniferous System. The trace consisted of a series of small, but well-marked footprints, found in the lower coal measures of Horton Bluff, Nova Scotia (Logan, 1842)”. An Ichnology Newsletter (2001, Issue 23, Page 33) mentions that “At Horton Bluff (near Windsor, Nova Scotia) he [i.e., Logan] found tetrapod footprints preserved in nonmarine strata. These tracks provided key evidence for the existence of Carboniferous air-breathing organisms...”. Cotton, Hunt and Cotton (1995, at page 201) note that Logan’s tracks were initially stated to be reptilian, and that “Although these impressions were later determined to be of amphibian origin, these Mississippian tracks constituted the first evidence of tetrapods prior to the Permian.”
Logan’s discovery has also been heralded as the “dawn of vertebrate palaeontology in Canada” by Lambe (1905) who noted that “The discovery by Sir William Logan of footprints at Horton Bluff in 1841 was the proof of the existence of Carboniferous air-breathing vertebrates.” Mansky, Lucas, Spielman, and Hunt, (2012) mention that “Horton Bluff, on the northern coast of Nova Scotia, eastern Canada, occupies an important place in the history of ichnology. For here in 1841, Canadian geologist W.E. Logan found the first Carboniferous tetrapod footprints ever discovered, heralding Nova Scotia as yielding the most substantial Carboniferous track record in the world ... The outcrops of the Horton Bluff Formation at Blue Beach are now known to produce one of the most important fossil records, including diverse continental vertebrate and invertebrate trace fossils, a terrestrial flora representing some of the earliest forests, and a diverse vertebrate fauna of Early Carboniferous fishes and tetrapods and a few small non-marine invertebrates.” [Citations Omitted]
The Canadian Museum of Nature has in its collection William Logan’s specimen from Horton’s Bluff. The tracks are now considered to be undertracks, and likely represent portions of two sets of tracks (that are side by side) rather than a set left by one tetrapod.
F) JOGGINS MEASURED SECTION: In 1843 Logan spent five days measuring 14, 570 feet of strata exposed along the shore of the Bay of Fundy. His report included detailed descriptions and measurements and took 65 pages of text when included as an appendix to Logan’s annual report. John William Dawson (1855), in his text Acadian Geology, called it “a remarkable monument to [Logan’s] industry and powers of observation.” Sandford Fleming (1856, at page 240) states that this was “a work acknowledged to be one of the most important in American geology, as the key to the structure of the eastern coal basin”. Recently, Rygel and Shipley, 2005, stated that “it remains one of the single greatest contributions to the geology of the Maritimes.” What is particularly impressive is that in 1843 Nova Scotia was not part of Canada, and Logan measured the section on his way to the Gaspé so that he could better understand the geology of the Maritimes and where to look for coal in the Gaspé. H. Y. Hind (1865, page 69) made an interesting observation, commenting: “It may surprise some of my readers who are not fond of walking, when I state that Sir William Logan, in 1843, walked nearly the whole way from the Joggins in Nova Scotia, to the boundary of the Carboniferous Series near Bathurst, for the express purpose of examining the rocks exposed on the road to Canada. In his exploration of Canada he walked probably not less than 25,000 miles, or equal to once round the Earth.”
Interestingly, William Logan’s Joggins section was republished in 1908 by the Nova Scotia Institute of Science (see Poole, 1908) because “Copies of this section ... cannot now be obtained. Students ask for them and so do others who are attracted to the locality by the present boom in the coal trade and the possibilities of the field whose rocks are so well exposed in the so-called Joggins section.” The Nova Scotian Institute of Science to republished Logan's section “verbatim et literatim”– all 65 pages of it.
G) LOGAN’S WORM TRACKS, GYRICHNITES GASPENSIS: On August 20, 1843 Logan and his assistant collected three large slabs of sandstone, the largest of which weighed about three hundred pounds and measured five feet by four feet eight inches, from a location about 1100 feet above the shoreline of Gaspé Bay, and as their canoe was too narrow for one of the specimens, borrowed a flat from fishermen to get the specimens back to their tent. (Harrington, 1883, page 161; Logan, 1846a, page 98; Logan, 1863, page 399; Whiteaves, 1882) It is hard to comprehend how two people can collect a three hundred pound slab of sandstone that is 1100 feet above the shoreline, carry the specimen down 1100 feet, and on the same day collect two other slabs, and then transport the three specimens by canoe and flat across Gaspé Bay on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I expect that many geologists have rolled a three hundred pound boulder down a mountain (the hard part is predicting its course and getting it to stop where you want it to). Collecting a three hundred pound slab would be an insurmountable task for most people.
H) OIL SEEPS IN ANTICLINAL STRUCTURES: Logan is credited with being the first to note and report that oil seeps were located on anticlinal structures, when in his report for 1844 that was published in 1846 he reported on seepages in the Gaspé [Howell, 1934; Hume, 1944; Hughes, 1955; Logan, 1846a, pages 41-42; Hunt, 1865; Logan, 1863, pages 399-403] While William Logan’s report “was the first statement in regard to the occurrence of petroleum in anticlines,... a clear statement of the anticlinal theory was not made until 1861 when T. Sterry Hunt [of the Geological Survey of Canada] set forth his ideas in an address in Montreal on March 1 of that year.” [Hume, 1944] This was a lecture Sterry Hunt delivered before the Board of Arts of Montreal and which was reported in the Montreal Gazette of March 1, 1861.
I) SKOLITHOS: Samuel S. Haldeman (1840) was the first to report on this trace fossil and gave it the name Skolithos linearus. James Hall (1847) modified the spelling to Scolithus linearis, changing the spelling from the Greek (Skolithos) to the Latin (Scolithus). Both Haldeman and Hall considered Skolithos to be a plant–a Fucoid. William E. Logan (1852a at page 200) was the first person to suggest that Skolithos was a worm hole, commenting: “Mr. Hall and other American geologists include them among the Fucoids of the rock, but they appear to me more like Worm-holes. In one or two instances I have perceived that the tubes are interrupted in their upward course by a thin layer of sand, of a portion which descends into them and stops them up; and from this it would appear that the cylinders were hollow when the super-incumbent sand was spread over them.”
J) PROTICHNITES: Logan collected and publicized the tracks (and noted that they were formed in a littoral environment) and provided the geology, while Owen named them. In 1851 Logan took to London a small slab of sandstone and a plaster cast of a 12 ½ foot slab from a quarry on the left bank of the river St. Louis, at the village of Beauharnois. In 1852 Logan took to London three slabs and 100 casts (in total, about 350 feet of track). One of the slabs, 12 ½ feet in length, and weighing over a ton, was the original of the cast he had taken in 1851. See Logan 1851, 1852, 1863.
K) THE SANDSTONES AT BEAUHARNOIS WERE FORMED IN A LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT. See Logan 1852, 1860, 1863.
L) FIRST METEORITE COLLECTED IN CANADA: In 1854 William Logan collected the first meteorite in Canada near Madoc, Ontario. While Hunt, 1855, mentions that “A large mass of native iron was found last autumn upon the surface of the earth in the township of Madoc, C.W.; it has been procured by Mr. Logan”, Weston, 1899 at page 319, states that “It is probable that this specimen was first found on the surface of a field; but Sir William Logan told me that he found it propping up the corner of a barn, and at once sought the owner of the barn and offered to put a good square stone in its place; the offer was accepted and Sir William immediately had this valuable specimen removed and placed in the museum.” Plotkin and Wilson, 2015, in an abstract for their paper, state that “October [2014] marked the 160th anniversary of the recovery of the Madoc meteorite, the first meteorite known to Canadian science. The 168-kg [370 pound] iron was recovered from the eastern Ontario village of Madoc by William Logan of the fledgling Geological Survey of Canada. Promptly placed in the Survey's Ottawa Museum, the meteorite laid the foundations for Canada's National Meteorite Collection. Madoc was exhibited at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 in Paris, where it won awards, and at the Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. Although early analyses by scientists classified the meteorite as a fine octahedrite [the most common class of iron meteorite, composed primarily of nickeliron alloys], modern analyses reveal it to be a medium octahedrite of Group IIIAB. The large suite of IIIAB irons enables scientists to explore and model the crystallization of metal phases at all depths in the core of an asteroidal parent body.” In their paper they mention “ Madoc holds the distinct honour of not only being the first meteorite recovered for science in Canada, but also of being Canada’s largest and heaviest individual meteorite ever to have been found.”
M) CARTOGRAPHER: One of William Logan’s accomplishments that particularly impressed British geologists was that while they could plot their geologic maps on accurate topographic maps, Logan had to first construct a map or correct errors in an underlying map before he could plot the geology. The London Times in the summer of 1862 commented on Logan that “Not having the advantage of an accurate map of the country... he has been obliged to make a topographical survey pari passu with a geological one. Few persons can imagine the arduous nature of this work.” Geikie (1875) commented that William Logan “had to go forth into the forest and ascend unvisited rivers without a track or a map. He had to make his own map as he went along...”. Logan’s map making skills were appreciated by Canadians. The Canadian Journal, Volume III (Anonymous, 1855 ), mentions that “So inaccurate and deficient were the maps of the settled parts that it became necessary to go over the whole ground on foot, and to measure by pacing, the distances travelled. Mr. Logan pithily observes, that ‘the weariness resulting from attention required to count one’s paces accurately, every day, and all day long, for five or six months, is best understood by those who have made the attempt.’ ” Robert Bell (1870) noted that “The Crown Lands Department have admitted that the Geological Survey have done more towards elucidating the geographical features of Canada than their own department, and the cost has been comparably smaller. ... These surveys have been of much use already, and will continue to be of great benefit in the future, in laying off and dividing up new lands for settlement, for defining timber limits, and even for the purposes of the fisheries, as well as in locating roads, railways and canals.”
N) MAINTAINED FUNDING FROM PARLIAMENT FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. See Zeller (1987,1991, 1997, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017), Shipley (2001, 2007) and numerous others. Shipley (2001) has stated “Contrary to the expectations of the provincial government in 1842, and to the experiences of the American state surveys, the GSC eventually became a permanent institution. This unlikely achievement has often been seen as Logan’s surpassing accomplishment in his role as Survey director, and has been attributed to his ability to convince both ordinary Canadians and politicians of the value of the Survey’s work.”
O) SUPPLEMENTED THE BUDGET OF THE SURVEY WITH HIS OWN FUNDS.
One Anonymous (1884) reviewer commented that “[The Parliament of Canada] grudged Mr. Logan the necessary assistance, overlooked the enormous difficulty which the absence of any trustworthy or complete geographical map of the surface imposed – a difficulty aggravated by the extremely defective character of the surveys which had sufficed for such practical purposed as the settlement of townships and the definition of boundaries. And had not the director been a man of private means and unlimited devotion to his work, the Survey must have broken down at the outset.” Those comments are supported by what numerous others have written on Logan. The first grant from Parliament was 1,500 Pounds for two years, at the end of which time William Logan was out of pocket upwards of 800 Pounds (Fleming, 1856).
Robert Bell (1870), on Logan’s retirement, commented that “The arduous duties from which he has retired have been to him a labor of love. The salary allowed him by Government, had he accepted it, would have totally inadequate remuneration for a man of his ability and standing. But he has not only worked for little or no pecuniary reward, but has frequently been obliged to advance his private means to a considerable extent, in order to keep up the regular working of the Survey.” ( Worth noting in that quote was “had he accepted it”!)
The extent of Logan’s financial contribution is set out in debates before Parliament in 1881 dealing with a petition requesting that the Museum of the Geological Survey be allowed to stay in Montreal [see Ryan, 1881]. The petition set forth that “Sir William E. Logan has expended out of his own private means to defray the cost of geological explorations, collecting of specimens, wages of assistants, purchase of scientific instruments and books, and for general expenses of the survey, as appears by his books of account, as sum of about $20,000, in addition to many other considerable items of expenditure within the knowledge of the petititioners, but which were not entered in the said books of account. ... That he also erected a building in St. James Street, Montreal... mainly for the accommodation of the survey for offices of the director and his assistant, and to afford additional space necessary for the display of specimens in the Museum; the said building costing a sum of $30,000, and for the occupation of which the Government were charged the nominal rent of $1,200 per annum.” Harrington (1876 ) notes that this rent was “about half the amount which he could have obtained from other tenants.”
P) LOGAN’S LINE: “Logan’s Line, also called Logan’s Fault, in geology, prominent zone of thrust faulting in northeastern and eastern North America related to the culmination of the Taconic orogeny during the Ordovician Period (488.3 million to 443.7 million years ago). The zone parallels the coast of Newfoundland, follows the St. Lawrence valley, trends south following the Hudson valley to Kingston, New York, and southwest across Pennsylvania. [Encylcopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Logans-Line ]” It is named after William E. Logan who first noted a significant break in the faunal record of the Taconic foreland between his Quebec Group and Ordovician shales, and that rocks of the Quebec Group lay above younger rocks ( See Logan, 1861a, 1861b; Alcock, 1945). Logan (1861a) proposed that strata was “brought to the surface by an overturn anticlinal fold with a crack and a great dislocation running along the summit, by which the Quebec group is brought to overlap the Hudson River formation. Sometimes it may overly the overturned Utica formation... A series of such dislocations traverses eastern North America from Alabama to Canada.” Logan (1861b) proposed that “Without enquiring into the origin of the forces which have produced the corrugations of the earth's crust, we may suppose that if a sufficient lateral pressure were applied to strata thus accumulated and arranged, there would result a set of parallel folds and overlaps, running in a direction at right angles to that of the pressure, with prevailing overturn dips in the direction of movement ; the greater strength, however, of the solid crystalline gneiss in this particular case, offering more resistance than the newer strata, would cause a break coinciding with the inclined plane at the junction of the gneiss and Quebec group ; the strata of this group pushed up the slope would raise and fracture the strata of the formations above, and be ultimately forced into an overlap of that portion resting on the higher terrace, after probably thrusting over to an inverted dip that part of the upper beds with which they came in contact. The strata of the upper terrace, relieved from pressure by the break, would remain comparatively quiescent, and thus the limit of the more corrugated area would coincide with the slope between the deep and shallow water of the Potsdam period. But the resistance offered by the gneiss would not merely limit the main disturbances, it would probably also guide or modify in some degree the whole series of parallel corrugations, and thus act as one of the causes giving a direction to the Appalachian chain of mountains.”
Q) THE FIRST TO ATTEMPT A CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE FOR THE PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS. Clark, 1897, in a summary of Geikie’s 1897 talk ‘The Founders of Geology’ mentions “Some study had already been given to these old rocks, but Logan was the first to attempt to establish a chronological sequence among them. To him we owe the names Laurentian and Huronian, and although his results have been modified by subsequent observers his work marks a distinct advance in this field of stratigraphical geology.”
R) CURATED CANADA’S ROCK AND MINERAL COLLECTIONS AT THE EXPOSITIONS IN LONDON AND PARIS. These exhibitions generated favourable international press for both Logan and Canada. Zeller (1991 ) notes that Logan’s “Canadian mineral exhibit for the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 won lavish praise, and helped the GSC to survive a parliamentary inquiry in 1854 which completely accepted his defence of geology as a guard against pointless searches for coal in the province. A repeat performance at the Paris Exposition of 1855 earned him a knighthood, the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London, and induction into the French Legion of Honour.” In an obituary notice Ryerson and Hodgins 1875 comment that “Sir William E. Logan, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., for years (says the Hamilton Times ) one of the most noted geologists of his time, and one to whom Canada owes a debt she perhaps can never repay. He has accomplished more for her, and won more fame for her, than any other individual in his profession, and has, during a long series of years, done much to introduce her to men of science in Europe, where the Knight was most esteemed.”
S) AWARDED THE WOLLASTON MEDAL BY THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. The Wollaston Medal was awarded in 1856 by the Geological Society of London [See Anonymous, 1856a]. This is the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. Other notable recipients were 1836 Louis Agassiz, 1838 Richard Owen,1842 Leopold von Buch, 1848 William Buckland, 1849 Joseph Prestwich, 1851 Adam Sedgwick, 1857 Joachim Barrande, 1859 Charles Darwin, 1864 Roderick Murchison, 1866 Charles Lyell, 1872 James Dwight Dana, 1899 Charles Lapworth, 1918 Charles Doolittle Walcott.
T) FIRST CANADIAN BORN PERSON TO BE KNIGHTED.
U) CLIMACTICHNITES - first to write on; named the trace fossil, correctly identified tracemaker as a mollusk (Logan, 1860, 1863).
V) EOZOON CANADENSE - This ‘fossil’ is reputed to have generated more papers and discussion on the origin of life in the Precambrian than any other. While in Logan’s and Dawson’s time the weight of authority was against it being organic, work in the early 1980's by Marika S. Bourque and other members of the Ontario Geological Survey recognized the Huntingdon type Eozoon, namely quartz bands alternating with bands of tremolite and calcite, from a few miles southeast of Madoc, and found in surrounding townships, as being of biogenic origin– silicified and recrystallized algal colonies: an algal-laminate stromatolite. (See my April 29, 2016 blog posting entitled ‘A specimen of Eozoon Canadense at the Matheson House Museum in Perth, Ontario’ for a discussion of the controversy.)
W) GEOLOGY OF CANADA, 1863. Wikipedia mentions that “One of the most important accomplishments of the GSC under Logan was the publication in 1863 of the Geology of Canada. Representing all the work of the organization up to that date, this 983-page book recorded everything known about Canadian geology. It received national and international acclaim for its content, style, and precision. ... In 2005, the Literary Review of Canada chose Logan’s landmark publication Geological Survey of Canada: Report of Progress from its Commencement to 1863 as one of the 100 most important Canadian books. The list was intended to identify the books that had “changed our country’s psychic landscape.” [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan ] In 1881, in a talk delivered to the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, Alfred K. C. Selwyn, then director of the Geological Survey of Canada, said of the Geology of Canada that “Whether regarded from an economic or from a scientific standpoint, this great work of Sir W. Logan and his colleagues must be considered a priceless gift to Canadian Geologists.” ...[and that] it contains a mass of information, scientific and practical, which, however much future researches may enable us to supplement it, will always remain as a solid foundation on which the superstructure of Canadian geology must be built by succeeding generations.” Professor Harrington of McGill stated (1883, at page 351) that “although published nearly twenty years ago, it remains to-day the most valuable book of reference on the geology and mineralogy of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Clear, sufficiently full and not overburdened with details, accurate in its descriptions and wonderfully free from typographical errors, the purely scientific portion evenly balanced by a proper allowance of economic geology, it was altogether a model report.” Shipley (2001) has stated that Geology of Canada is “arguably the pinnacle of Canadian scientific publishing in the nineteenth century” and notes that “The work emerged partly despite... repeated financial crises– Logan had to purchase $3,000 worth of type for the volume himself.”
X) GEOLOGICAL MAPS OF CANADA, that included the adjoining British Provinces and the North-eastern United States. Logan produced the first such maps. Hitchcock, 1877, commented that “The finest of all our American maps is that published by the Government of Canada in 1869 (dated 1866). ”
Y) THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA’S LIBRARY: This was started by Sir William Logan who left the whole of his library to the Survey when he retired (Selwyn,1877, page 7). "The Geological Survey of Canada's library set a pattern followed by other institutions and associations. Formed principally by one person, Sir William Logan, it contained hundreds and then thousands of periodicals and offprints..." ( Lamonde, Fleming, and Black, 2005)
Z) ENDOWED THE LOGAN CHAIR IN GEOLOGY AT MCGILL UNIVERSITY IN MONTREAL. “To Logan also, McGill University owes much ; for, in 1864, he founded and endowed the ‘Logan Gold Medal’ for an honor course in geology and natural science, and, in 1871, gave $19,000, which, together with $1,000 given by his brother, the late Mr. Hart Logan, forms the endowment of the ‘Logan Chair of Geology.’” [Harrington, 1876]
ZA) LEFT FUNDS IN HIS WILL TO REPLACE SPECIMENS TAKEN TO OTTAWA. The Geological Survey of Canada had been headquartered in Montreal since before Confederation. In 1881 the Geological Survey of Canada, the Geological Survey of Canada Museum, and its rock, mineral and fossil collections were moved to Ottawa. Sir William Logan, in his will, had left funds to collect replacement specimens for a museum in Montreal. The Report on the Peter Redpath Museum of McGill University, No. 11, January, 1883, mentions at page 16 under the heading Part V. - Notice of Collections, Logan Memorial Collection that specimens added to the collection included a "Series of large slabs of Protichnites and Climactichnites, collected by Mr. Richardson, at Perth, Ontario." These were specimens collected with funds provided in Logan’s will.
ZB) Nevertheless all of those contributions and accomplishments, pale in comparison with his most important contribution and lasting legacy: the Geological Survey of Canada. Sir Roderick Murchison may have said it best, on the occasion of awarding the Wollaston Palladium Medal to Sir William Logan, when he commented “I can give no better evidence of the value of this survey and of the manner in which it has been carried on by Sir William Logan than by quoting the testimony of an American writer in Silliman's Journal. It is there stated : ‘No geological survey on this continent has been carried on with more thoroughness and with results of higher importance to the science than those of Canada under the direction of Mr. W. E. Logan. There is great precision in his observations and exactness in his statements.’” However, the Survey was not just Logan. He surrounded himself with competent people and inspired them to produce at a high level. Robert Hall, 1884, stated “It is quite evident that the practical success of the Survey at home, and its scientific reputation abroad during those early years of its existence, were due to the remarkable zeal and practical common sense of Sir William Logan, and the enthusiasm and esprit de corps which he succeeded in imparting to his colleagues.”+
Logan Hall and the Canadian Museum of History
This past summer I visited Logan Hall, a geological museum on the first floor of the Geological Survey of Canada’s offices at 601 Booth Street in Ottawa, Ontario. I was glad I did, even if the celebration of 175th anniversary of the founding of the Survey was decidedly muted. On display were a display on Logan, specimens of Eozoon Canadense and other fossils collected by Logan, together with portraits of Logan and Billings, plus large numbers of minerals, fossils, meteorites and rocks. However, one would think that sometime within the forty years since I worked as a summer student for the GSC they could have fixed the building’s air conditioning. I remarked to the Commissionaire that it was hot in the museum to which he replied “It’s a hot day.” At least drinking water was available at a water cooler. I also remarked to the Commissionaire that perhaps they could turn the lights on in the museum, but was told that they couldn’t as that would damage the minerals. That piqued my interest and I went back in looking for minerals that could be damaged by sunlight!
This fall I borrowed from the public library and read both Suzanne Zeller’s book ‘Inventing Canada’ and Charles Smith and Ian Dyck’s annotated book ‘William E. Logan's 1845 Survey of the Upper Ottawa Valley.’ I then visited the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec in part because I wanted to purchase Smith and Dyck’s book from the museum’s gift shop and in part because it had been a while since I last toured the museum. Again, I was glad I did as the museum has a small display on Sir William Logan that includes his portrait painted by William Sawyer, his Wollaston Medal awarded in 1856 by the Geological Society of London, the Cross of the Legion of Honor he was awarded by Napoleon III at the Paris Exposition in 1855, and the octant that Logan was awarded for finishing first in a math class that he took at Edinburgh University. The labels on all four say that they were donated by the Geological Survey of Canada.
An Anecdote
As almost everyone who has written on Sir William Logan has included anecdotes about his life, it would be an oversight to write a blog posting on him without including at least one such anecdote. I particularly liked this anecdote provided by Alexander Murray:
“I recollect in 1845 while I was in the neighbourhood of Gaspé, being asked by a most respectable person if I knew Mr. Logan, to which having replied in the affirmative, he went on to say – “It was a pity to see a decent-like elderly man going about breaking stones," – and that in his opinion his friends were greatly to blame in not having him carefully looked after!”
Christopher Brett
Ottawa
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Suggested Reading
Alcock, F. J., 1945
Logan’s Fault. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 39, pages.213-215
http://adsbit.harvard.edu//full/1945JRASC..39..213A/0000213.000.html
Alcock, F. J., 1947, 1948
The Father of Canadian Geology, Chapter II in A century in the history of the Geological Survey of Canada. National Museum of Canada, Special Contribution 47-1, 1947; also, Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Publication 3, 1947, 105 pages, at pages 11-25
Available on https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/geoscan-index.html
ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/publications/ess_sst/290/290972/misc_p_3.pdf
The father of Canadian Geology, in The Earth Science Digest (1948), 2, pp 5-10
Allan, G.W., 1859
The President’s Address. Read Before the Canadian Institute, January 8th, 1859. Canadian Journal, New Series, Volume IV, pages 85-96 at page 93 “It may safely be asserted that the geological survey has done more for the reputation of Canada among intelligent and scientific men abroad and in England, than anything else connected with the country.”
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96690#page/111/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1837-1840
A List of Donations. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Series 2, Volume 5, 739-795, (1839, Jan. 23. Specimens from Lisbon, By W. E. Logan, Esq., F.G.S.)
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3084579;view=1up;seq=848
Anonymous, 1845-1889
Sir William Logan Scrapbook; in Baldwin Collection of Toronto Reference Library.
http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-LOGAN-MANU-W-3&R=DC-LOGAN-MANU-W-3
http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/logan-manu-w-3.pdf
Anonymous, 1846
Testimonials in favour of Mr. W. E. Logan in regard to his appointment as provincial geologist for Canada: addressed to G. W. Hope, Esq., M.P. under Secretariat of State for the Colonial Department. Montreal: Lovell and Gibson, Printers, 8 pages
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t58d12w0n;view=1up;seq=6
Anonymous, 1848
Art. XX. – I. Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for the Years 1845-46; and II Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for the Year 1846-47; By W. E. Logan, Esq., Provincial Geologist. The British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science, volume 3, 1847/1848, at pages 90-95, continued as Article XXIII.–I and II at pages 117-124, concluded by Article XXV–I and II at pages 145- 155.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069792664;view=1up;seq=106
Anonymous, 1850a
Art. V,– Geological Survey of Canada. Report of the North Shore of Lake Huron. By W. E. Logan, Esq., Provincial Geologist. The British American Journal of Medical and Physical Science, volume 5, 1849/1850, at pages 13-20 “...in more than one of our former desultory articles on this interesting subject, we felt impelled to advert in strong and even sarcastic terms to the miserably puny and undignified, un-British scale of the staff of our Provincial Survey, as a national work, compared with the magnificent arrangements of several of the neighboring States; and we did so the more earnestly, because the services of so distinguished a general director of such an undertaking having fortunately been obtained, we felt mortified that his invaluable time should be frittered away in the subordinate drudgery of the mere draftsman or copyist, ...”
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015055388857;view=1up;seq=27
Anonymous, 1850b
Report and Critiques of E. S. De Rottermund, Esq., Late Chemical Assistant to the Geological Survey of Canada, in 1846. Montreal: John Lovell. 99 pages
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t91843x06;view=1up;seq=8
Anonymous, 1855a
[A Summary of the Report of the Select Committee on the] Geological Survey of Canada . Canadian Journal, Volume III, 234-237; Report of the Select Committee on the Geological Survey – Minutes of Evidence. Canadian Journal, Volume III, pages 250-256
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109233#page/272/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1855b
[A Review of] Geological Survey of Canada – Report of Progress for the Year 1852-53. Canadian Journal, Volume III, 97-101 at page 97; “So inaccurate and deficient were the maps of the settled parts that it became necessary to go over the whole ground on foot, and to measure by pacing, the distances travelled. Mr. Logan pithily observes, that ‘the weariness resulting from attention required to count one’s paces accurately, every day, and all day long, for five or six months, is best understood by those who have made the attempt.’ ”
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109233#page/125/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1856a
Award of the Wollaston Medal [to Sir William Edmond Logan] and Donation Fund.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Volume 12, pages xxi-xxv
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109655#page/37/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1856b
Presentation of the Logan Testimonial. The Journal of Education for Upper Canada, Volume 12, pages 59-60. From the Montreal Gazette
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102792280;view=1up;seq=261
Anonymous, 1857
American Association for the Advancement of Science [Meeting at Montreal, 1857] pages 145-153; Sketch of Sir William Logan, p 153 [From Quebec Correspondence of the Hamilton Spectator]; Canadian Geological Museum, Montreal, 153-154 [From Montreal Correspondence of the Leader] Journal of Education, Upper Canada . Vol. 10, No. 10, Oct. 1857, p. 145-154
http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_06242_118/2?r=0&s=1
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.d0003798691;view=1up;seq=155
Anonymous, 1859
Testimonial to Sir William Logan. Canadian Journal, New Series, Volume IV, pages 147-149
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96690#page/165/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1859b
On the Laurentian Limestones, [Part of a Report on] Meeting of the American Association for the Promotion of Science [Annual Meeting Held at Springfield, Mass., ]
Journal of education for Upper Canada , Volume 12, October, 1859, pages 152-153
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044102792280;view=1up;seq=354
Anonymous, 1861a
Petroleum in Gaspé. The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, Volume 1, page 73
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89077135051;view=1up;seq=97
Anonymous, 1861b
Metals of Canada. The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, Volume 1, pages 246- 249
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89077135051;view=1up;seq=274
Anonymous, 1861c
International Exhibition London, 1862. The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, Volume 1, pages 309-318
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89077135051;view=1up;seq=337
Anonymous, 1862
Sir W. E. Logan and Canadian Minerals at the Exhibition. The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, Volume 2, page 282
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89077135085;view=1up;seq=300
Anonymous, 1864a
The Geological Survey of Canada. From the ‘Leader,’ 6th May, 1864. Toronto: Rollo & Adam. 34 pages. https://archive.org/details/cihm_41527
Anonymous, 1864b
[A review of Logan (1863) ] The Geology of Canada. Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 17 at pages 383-384 “The foundation of such a Survey is like the foundation of those noble Universities which have already arisen in the colony, elevating the tone of society by the admixture of a learned and scientific element, commanding the respect of the intellect of the their own population, of those “at home” in the old country, and of foreign nations all over Europe.” “[Logan] has been styled the first physical geologist in America...”
https://books.google.com/books/about/Saturday_Review.html?id=BLdLAAAAcAAJ
Anonymous, 1865
Geology of New Brunswick. The Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada, Volume 5, pages 175-176
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89077135176;view=1up;seq=193
Anonymous, 1875
Obituary – Sir William Edmond Logan, LL.D., F.G.S., V.P Nat. Hist. Soc. Montreal;
The Geological Magazine, New Series, Vol. II, pages 382-384
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101198#page/420/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1875b
Sir William Logan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. [Obituary] The Canadian Patent Office Record and Mechanics' Magazine, Volume 3, 193, 207, 210
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d01806636o;view=1up;seq=215
Anonymous, 1876a
Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased – Sir William Edmond Logan. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 24 (1875 - 1876), pp. i-ii “... no man was ever more esteemed and beloved by a numerous circle of friends.”
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135790#page/765/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1876b [Identical to Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1876]
Sir William Edmond Logan, [obituary] Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Series, Volume III, pages 357-361 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35728#page/373/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1876c
Sir William Logan, F.R.S. [Obituary ]. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, volume 46, at pages cli-clii
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101072326711;view=1up;seq=159
Anonymous, 1883
Sketch of Sir William E. Logan, LL.D., F.G.S.
Popular Science Monthly, Volume 23, September, 1883, pages 691-697
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/17728#page/709/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1884
Life of Sir William Logan. [A review of Harrington’s 1883 Biography on Logan] Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 57 at pages 389-390 “[The Parliament of Canada] grudged Mr. Logan the necessary assistance, overlooked the enormous difficulty which the absence of any trustworthy or complete geographical map of the surface imposed – a difficulty aggravated by the extremely defective character of the surveys which had sufficed for such practical purposed as the settlement of townships and the definition of boundaries. And had not the director been a man of private means and unlimited devotion to his work, the Survey must have broken down at the outset.”
https://books.google.ca/books?id=9lFJAQAAMAAJ
Anonymous, 1913
Memorial to Sir William Logan. Science, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 970 (Aug. 1, 1913), p. 150
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98056#page/176/mode/1up
Anonymous, 1942
"The Face Of Time"- Centenary Of The Geological Survey Of Canada.
National Film Board of Canada. Documentary. Duration: 22 minutes. Producer: Graham McInnes. 16 mm. “Produced for the centenary of the Geological Survey of Canada, this film shows how our first geologists, with very simple instruments and under primitive conditions, pioneered in the field of charting Canada's minerals. As well, the film depicts how a geological survey is undertaken and how new discoveries are aiding the World War II effort.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6m6WBx_xgE
Anonymous, 2005a
Written in Stone: William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada. Website produced collaboratively by Library and Archives Canada, McGill University Archives, the National Library of Wales, Natural Resources Canada and the Toronto Public Library
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/logan
Anonymous, 2005b
The Journal of Sir William E. Logan, 1845-1846. Digital Gallery website
Produced by the McGill University Archives and launched in August 2005.
http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/logan/about/index.htm
Anonymous, 2012
Coal seams and copper: W. E. Logan and the geological map.
https://museum.wales/articles/2012-02-07/Coal-seams-and-copper-WE-Logan-and-the-geological-map/
Anonymous, 2017a
Sir William E. Logan. [on the website electricscotland.com]
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/canada/logan_william.htm
Anonymous, 2017b
William Logan, Geologist 1798-1875; on the website of Canadian Museum of History, accessed November 29, 2017
http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/biography/biographi278e.shtml
Anonymous, 2017c
The History of the Geological Survey of Canada in 175 Objects
http://science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_00006.html?OpenDocument
Bayliffe, Dorothy M., 2001
William Edmond Logan and the Welsh Connection.
Minerva, Volume IX, pages 65-86, Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea.
https://journals.library.wales/view/1225327/1225824/74#?cv=74&m=8&h=William%20Edmond%20Logan%20and%20the%20Welsh%20Connection%20OR&c=0&s=0&xywh=-932%2C70%2C3700%2C3261
Bell, Robert, 1870
Sir William Logan and our Geological Survey. [On the occasion of Sir William Logan’s retirement from the Directorship of the Geological Survey.] New Dominion Monthly, Montreal, February, 1870, Pages 60-62. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2935040;view=1up;seq=152
Bell, Robert, 1907a
Sir William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada; The Mortimer Co., Ottawa, 28 pages
(Available at pages 27 to 54 in Winder (2004):)
https://books.google.ca/books?id=ujccUqbsAtoC&pg=PA27&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://online.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.71045/3?r=0&s=1
Bell, Robert, 1907b
Personal reminiscences of Sir William E. Logan (abstract) Geological Society of America, Bulletin 18, at page 622
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113591#page/788/mode/1up
Bibaud, Jeune, 1857
Sir W. E. Logan, pages 195-196. Dictionnaire historique des hommes illustres du Canada et de l'Amérique. Montréal : P. Cérat; 423 pages
http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.29061/3?r=0&s=1
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t72v5674d;view=1up;seq=8
Blackadar, Robert Gordon, 1976
The Geological Survey of Canada: past achievements and future goals: a short history of the Geological Survey of Canada. 44 pages
https://doi.org/10.4095/298801
http://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/publications/ess_sst/298/298801/gid_298801.pdf
Boxer, Frederick N., 1860
Hunter's hand book of the Victoria Bridge. Montreal : Hunter and Pickup, 114 pages
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100265339
Brett, Christopher P., 2016
A specimen of Eozoon Canadense at the Matheson House Museum in Perth, Ontario. Blog posting dated Friday, 29 April 2016.
http://fossilslanark.blogspot.ca/2016/04/
Bryce, George, 1887
A Short History of the Canadian People. London, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington; Toronto, W. J. Gage and Company, 528 pages at page 479 “The father of Canadian science may be said to have been Sir William Logan.”
https://archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofca00bryc#page/479/mode/1up
Burke, Edmund (Editor), 1876
Sir William Logan. [obituary] Annual Register : A review of public events at Home and Abroad, for the year 1875, London: Rivingtons, Waterloo Place, New Series, volume 117, at page 142
https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTkJAAAAIAAJ
Chapman, E. J., 1855
A Reply to an Article in the June number of the Canadian Journal, and entitled “Report of the Select Committee on the Geological Survey – Minutes of Evidence,” The Canadian Journal, Volume 3, pages 289-292
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109233#page/335/mode/1up
Clark, W. B., 1897
The Founders of Geology. [A summary of Geikie’s 1897 talk ] Science, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 156 (Dec. 24, 1897), pp. 925-933 at page 932
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98108#page/925/mode/1up
Cleevely, R. J., 1993
John W. Salter, Sir William Logan, and Elkanah Billings: A Brief British Involvement in the First Decade of ‘Canadian Organic Remains’ (1859). Earth Sciences History: 1993, Vol. 12 [History of Canadian Geology], No. 2, pp. 142-159. https://doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.2.e513u22148617mt0
www.jstor.org/stable/24138605
Cotton, William D., Hunt, Adrian P., and Cotton, Jennifer E., 1995
Paleozoic Vertebrate Tracksites in Eastern North America., pages 189 - 211 at page 202 in Lucas, S.G. and Heckert, A. B., eds, 1995, Early Permian footprints and faces, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin No. 6,
https://books.google.ca/books?id=aY8ZCgAAQBAJ
http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/bulletins/id/1239/rec/1
•
Dana, James Dwight, 1880, Second Edition
Manual of Geology: treating of the principles of the science with special reference to American geological history. New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and Co.; 828 pages at pages viii, 94, 148, 151,153, 156, 157, 163, 176, 178, 190, 192,195, 197, 214, 215, 216, 221, 238, 241, 256, 289, 310, 319, 531, 545, 550, 784
https://archive.org/details/manualgeologytr00danagoog
Dawson, G. M., 1894
The Progress and Trend of Scientific Investigation in Canada. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada, for 1894 Volume 12, pages LI-LXVI
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40846#page/66/mode/1up
Dawson, J. W., 1863
The Air-Breathers of the Coal Period in Nova Scotia. The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, Volume VIII, No. 1, pages 1-12 at 3-5 [Describes footprints in coal found by Logan]
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106418#page/11/mode/1up
Dawson, J. W., 1886
Presidential Address: some points in which American geological science is indebted to Canada. Read May 26, 1886. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section IV, 1-8
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t56d6880b;view=1up;seq=6
Dent, John Charles, 1881
The last forty years: Canada since the union of 1841, Volume II. Toronto, George Virtue, 649 pages at page 579 “In science we have at least two names entitled to be placed beside those of the distinguished savants of the old world. The late Sir William Logan’s reputation as a geologist is confined to no country. ...”
https://archive.org/stream/lastfortyyearsca02dent#page/579/mode/1up
De la Beche, Henry T., 1846
On the Formation of the Rocks of South Wales and South Western England, in Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Economic Geology in London, Volume 1, Pages 1-296 at 134, 145- 147, 151, 183-184, 193-194, 199-200, 202
https://archive.org/stream/memoirsgeologic03britgoog#page/n15/mode/1up
De la Beche, Henry T., 1851
The Geological Observer, London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 845 pages; Philadelphia, Blanchard and Lea, 695 pages at 577 and 582
https://archive.org/stream/geologicalobser03bechgoog#page/n6/mode/2up
De la Beche, Sir Henry T., Logan, W.E., Williams, D.H., Aveline W.T. & James T.E., 1944
The South-Eastern part of the Glamorgan Coalfield. Pontypool, Merthyr Tydfil, Bridgend, Llandaff, Cardiff, Newport, Aberdare; Geological Survey of England and Wales 1:63,360 geological map series [Old Series]. Sheet number 36 http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=1001105
Dowling,, D.B., 1900
A condensed summary of the field-work annually accomplished by the officers of the Geological Survey of Canada from its commencement to 1865. The Ottawa naturalist , Vol. 14, no. 6 (Sept, 1900, pages 107-118
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28041#page/117/mode/1up
http://eco.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_04906_145/10?r=0&s=1
Fenton, Carroll Lane and Fenton, Mildred Adams, 1952
That a Nation Might Grow, chapter XV in Giants of Geology, Doubleday & Company, Inc., New York, 333 pages at pages 175-190, and 191-194
https://archive.org/stream/GiantsOfGeology/Giants%20of%20geology#page/n208/mode/1up
Fleming, Sandford, 1856
The Canadian Geological Survey and its director, Sir William Edmund Logan, Kt., F.R.S.;
Read before the Canadian Institute, February 23rd, 1856; The Canadian Journal of Industry, Science and Art; New Series, Volume 1, pages 238 -244
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111029#page/256/mode/1up
Also published as a separate paper, 8 pages:
https://archive.org/stream/cihm_64032#page/n5/mode/1up
Geikie, Archibald, 1875,
Sir William Edmond Logan, [obituary] Nature, volume 12, pages 161-163
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/61871#page/187/mode/1up
Geikie, Archibald, 1879 - Second Edition.
Outlines Of Field Geology. London: Macmillan And Co., 222 pages at pages 27, 28, 36 https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.217095/2015.217095.Outlines-Of#page/n45/mode/1up/search/logan
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 1895
Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay. London: Macmillan and Co., xi, 397 pages, Logan at pages 44, facing 44 is a drawing of Logan, 64, 66, 177, 178, 181, 197, 252, 272, 282, 364,
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60757#page/9/mode/1up
Geikie, Archibald, 1897
The Founders of Geology, Macmillan & Co. London. The Macmillan Company, New York, 297 pages, at pages 269-271
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012130104#page/n284/mode/1up
Geikie, Sir Archibald, 1903
Text Book Of Geology, Volumes I and II, Fourth Edition. London: Macmillan and Co.
1471 pages at pages 10, 181, 654, 830, 862, 868, 876, 878, 902, 903, 978, 1013, 1018, 1345
https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.153874/2015.153874.Text-book-Of-Geology-Volume---I#page/n7/mode/2up
https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.205991/2015.205991.Text-Book#page/n213/mode/2up
Gregory, Herbert E., 1921
History of Geology. The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Feb., 1921), pp. 97-126 at 124
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/84840#page/103/mode/1up
Hall, Robert N., 1884
Report of the Select Committee Appointed by the House of Commons to Obtain Information as to Geological Surveys. Ottawa: MacLean, Roger & Co., 207 pages. “It is quite evident that the practical success of the Survey at home, and its scientific reputation abroad during those early years of its existence, were due to the remarkable zeal and practical common sense of Sir William Logan, and the enthusiasm and esprit de corps which he succeeded in imparting to his colleagues...” https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4960635;view=1up;seq=7
Harrington, Bernard J., 1876, 1877, 1878,
Sir William Edmond Logan. Obituary notice read before the Natural History Society of Montreal, October 25th, 1875; American Journal of Science and Arts, Third Series, Volume XI (1876), no. 62, February, 1876, 81–93. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113474#page/89/mode/1up
Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1875-1876, (1877) 501 pages, at pages 8-21 https://doi.org/10.4095/297007 The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science, New Series, volume 8 (1878), pages 31 - 46; https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32753#page/49/mode/1up
Harrington, Bernard J., 1883
Life of Sir William E. Logan, Kt.
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 432 pages
https://archive.org/details/lifeofsirwilliam00harr
Dawson Brothers, Montreal, 432 pages
https://archive.org/stream/lifeofsirwilliam00harrrich#page/n7/mode/2up
S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, 432 pages
Hind, Henry Youle, 1865
A Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Brunswick, Together with A Special Report on the Distribution of the “Quebec Group” in the Province. Fredericton: Ge.E. Fenety. 293 pages at pages 69, also xiv, xv, xvi, x, 10, 39, 47, 58, 71, 144, 252, 254, etc.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t2g74632d;view=1up;seq=75
Horner, Leonard, 1846
The Carboniferous Series, in Anniversary Address of the President. Read 26th February, 1846. The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London, volume 2, 145-221 at 169-181
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109652#page/215/mode/1up
Hitchcock, C. H., 1887
The Geologic Map of the United States, Read at St. Louis Meeting, October, 1886, Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, volume 15, pages 465-487 at 478.
https://books.google.ca/books?id=VMlMAAAAYAAJ
Howell, J. V., 1934
Historical Development of the Structural Theory of Accumulation of Oil and Gas: Part I. History, a Chapter in SP 6: Problems of Petroleum Geology, AAPG Special Volumes,
http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/methodo1/data/a069/a069/0001/0000/0001.htm
Hughes, Richard V., 1955
Theories on the Accumulation of Petroleum of Interest to Production Personnel.
Drilling and Production Practice, 1, January, New York, New York “Sir William Logan, Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, is credited with first noting that oil seeps were located on anticlinal structures. He pointed out this observation in 1844 with respect to occurrences in Gaspe at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.”
https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/API-55-402
Hume, G. S., 1944
Petroleum geology of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Series 14, 1944, 64 pages, at page 9 https://doi.org/10.4095/103993
Hunt, T. Sterry, 1855
Extract from a letter from T. S. Hunt to J. D. Dana dated Montreal, Canada, March 12, 1855. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Volume 19, series 2, 416-418 at page 417 [On a newly discovered Meteoric Iron]
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92734#page/451/mode/1up
Hunt, T. Sterry, 1865
Petroleum; Its Geological Relations Considered with Especial Reference to its Occurrence in Gaspe (Quebec) being a report addressed to the Hon. commissioner of crown lands. Quebec: G.E. Desbarats, 19 pages,
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100282844
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1876
Report of the Council of the and Sciences, May, 1876. [obituary] Cambridge: Press of John Wilson and Son. 8 pages “His great merit was the possession of a rare skill in stratigraphy, and an amount of patience, industry and devotion to his work, which has rarely been equalled, and has enabled him to connect his name imperishably with the geology of the older rocks.” [Identical to Anonymous, 1876b]
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t40s0z02c;view=1up;seq=7
Langton, John et. al., 1855
Report of the Select Committee on the Geological Survey, pages i-xii, 1-63
https://archive.org/stream/reportofselect00cana#page/n3/mode/2up [Logan: “My whole connection with geology is of a practical character. I am by profession a miner and a metallurgist.”]
Lareau, Edmond, 1874
Histoire de la Litterature Canadienne. Montréal: John Lovell. 496 pages
Sir William Logan at 340-342
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t7vm4mt69;view=1up;seq=360
Lee, Sidney, 1893
Logan, Sir William Edmond (1798-1875); in Dictionary of National Biography, Volume XXXIV, MacMillan and Co., New York; Smith, Elder & Co., London; at pages 86-87 “His distinguishing characteristic as a geologist lay in the power he possessed of grappling with the stratigraphy and structure of the most complicated regions. George Bryce, in his ‘Short History of the Canadian People (p. 479) calls him without exaggeration the father of Canadian science.’”
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_34.djvu&page=92
Legget, Robert F. 1975
History of Canadian Geology: Sir William Logan, Volume 1, Number 1, page 53
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/2817/3335
Logan, W.E., 1838
On that part of the South Welsh Coal Basin which lies between the Vale of Neath and Carmarthen Bay. In Explanation of a geological map of the district, laid down by the author on sheets of the Ordnance Survey. British Association For the Advancement of Science, Vol. VI, Report of the Seventh Meeting, Held at Liverpool, September, 1837, (part 2), pages 83-85
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46624#page/675/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1840
On the character of the beds of clay lying immediately below the coal seams of South Wales; and on the occurrence of coal-boulders in the Pennant grit of that district. Read February 26, 1840. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, Volume 3, pages 275-277
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96958#page/301/mode/1up
Logan, W.E., 1842a
On the coal fields of Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, Volume 3, pages 707-712
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96958#page/735/mode/1up
On the Coal-fields of Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia. (Read March 23, 1842) . The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, Volume 22, Series 3, 1843, pages 66-71
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53519#page/80/mode/1up
Logan, W.E., 1842b
On the character of the beds of clay lying immediately below the coal seams of South Wales, and on the occurrence of Boulders of Coal in the Pennant grit of that district. [Read February 26, 1840] Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second Series, Volume 6, page 491-497 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111671#page/525/mode/1up
Logan, W.E., 1842 c
On the packing of ice in the River Saint Lawrence; on a Landslip in the modern deposits of its valley; and on the existence of Marine Shells in those deposits as well as upon the mountain of Montreal. Read June 15, 1842. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 3, 766-770 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96958#page/794/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1843a
Journal for 1843,
link to collection of Wales
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/logan/021014-3000-e.html
Logan, W. E., 1843b
Notebook Gaspé 1843
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/logan/021014-3100-e.html
Logan, W.E., 1843c
Joggins, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia (1842—1843). Logan's Field Notebook, National Archives of Canada, RG45, vol. 158, item 1962, available online at http://www.collectionscanada.ca/logan/021014-5000.02-e.php
Logan, W.E. 1843d.
Bay of Chaleur — Bay of Fundy (1843). Logan's Field Notebook, National Archives of Canada, RG45, vol. 158, item 2606, available online at http://www.collectionscanada.ca/logan/021014-5000.11-e.php
Logan, William E., 1845 to 1846
Journal
http://www.archives.mcgill.ca/public/exhibits/logan/journal/index.htm
Logan, W. E., 1845
Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for the year 1843; in Message from his Excellency the Governor General, with reports on a Geological Survey of the Province of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, and Appendix
page 92-156, Appendix, Joggins section;
https://doi.org/10.4095/123586 - Digitization in progress
http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/37131055426449d.pdf
Logan, W.E., 1846
On the Packing of the ice in the River Saint Lawrence; the occurrence on Landslips in the Modern Deposits of its Valley; and the existence of Marine Shells in them and on the Mountain of Montreal. Read June 15, 1842. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London , vol. 2, pages 422-432
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109652#page/506/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1846a
Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for the year 1844
http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055428908D&R=DC-37131055428908D
Logan, W. E., 1846b
Journal: Lake Superior, 1846, 148 pages
Baldwin Collection, Toronto Reference Library
tic.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/pdfs/logan-manu-w-2.pdf
Logan, W. E., 1847
Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for the year 1845-46
http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055428965D&R=DC-37131055428965D
Logan, W.E., 1852
On the Foot-prints occurring in the Potsdam Sandstone of Canada.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, volume 8, p. 199-213, Plates VI to VIII,
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109911#page/311/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1855
Sur la formation silurienne des environs de Quebec. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, (2e série) tome 12: 504-508
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/235687#page/536/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1857a
On the division of the Azoic rocks of Canada into Huronian and Laurentian.
Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. 2: 255-258 (1857)
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109318#page/320/mode/1up
Can J. ns 2: 437-442 (1857)
Am As, Pr. 11 pt 2: 44-47 (1858)
Abstract, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, ns 6:349(1857)
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/82022#page/357/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1857b
On the probable subdivision of the Laurentian rocks of Canada
Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. 2: 270-274 (1857)
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109318#page/340/mode/1up
Am As, Pr. 11 pt 2: 47-51 (1858)
Can J. ns 3: 1-5 (1858)
Abstract, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, new series, vol. 6:350(1857)
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/82022#page/358/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1860
On the Tracks of an Animal lately found in the Potsdam Formation, read before the Natural History Society of Montreal in June, 1860, volume V of The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, article XXXIX, pages 279-285
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32543#page/295/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1861a
Remarks on the fauna of the Quebec Group of rocks and the primordial zone of Canada. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, Volume 31: 216-220
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113859#page/226/mode/1up
Logan, W. E., 1861b
Considerations relating to the Quebec Group, and the Upper Copper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior; read before the Natural History Society of Montreal in May, 1861, volume VI of The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, page 199-207
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32545#page/211/mode/1up
Logan, W.E., 1861c
The copper deposits of Acton and other localities of Canada. Mining Magazine (2) 2: 1-14
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00043858p;view=1up;seq=5
Logan, W.E., 1863.
The Geology of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada. Report of progress from its commencement to 1863, 983p, Dawson Brothers, Montreal.
https://archive.org/details/reportofprogress00geolrich
Logan, W.E., 1865
Geological Survey of Canada. Report of progress from its Commencement to 1863: Atlas of Maps and Sections, With an introduction and appendix
Montreal: Dawson Bros., 1865. 42 p., 13 leaves of plates : ill., maps (9 folded, some col.)
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4349667;view=1up;seq=7
https://doi.org/10.4095/123565
- Geological map of Canada and the adjacent regions, including parts of other British provinces and of the United States; Geological Survey of Canada, Multicoloured, Geological Map 53, scale 1:7 920 000. http://www.science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/vwimages/175_22.jpg/$file/175_22.jpg
- Map showing the distribution of Laurentian rocks in parts of the counties of Ottawa, Terrebonne, Argenteuil & Two Mountains, Multicoloured Geological Map 54, 1862, 1 sheet,
- Map, Distribution of Huronian Rocks Between the Rivers Batchehwahnung and Mississagi, Ontario, Multicoloured Geological Map 55, 1865, 1 sheet,
- Map showing the distribution of the Potsdam, Quebec and Trenton Groups On the East Side of Lake Champlain from Stanbridge, Canada East to St. Albans, Vermont, Multicoloured Geological Map 56, 1863, 1 sheet,
- Plan Showing the Distribution of Limestones of the Quebec Group At Point Levis, Multicoloured Geological Map 57, 1862, 1 sheet,
- Map Showing the Distribution of Superficial or post-tertiary Deposits near Lake Superior and Michipicoten Island, Map 58, 1865, 1 sheet,
- Sections illustrating the geology of Canada [Plate 1], Multicoloured Geological Map 59, 1865, 1 sheet,
- Sections illustrating the geology of Canada [Plate 2], Multicoloured Geological Map 60, 1865, 1 sheet,
- Sections illustrating the geology of Canada [Plate 3], Multicoloured Geological Map 61, 1865, 1 sheet,
-Sections illustrating the geology of Canada [Plate 4], Multicoloured Geological Map 62, 1865, 1 sheet,
Logan, W.E., 1869.
Geological map of Canada and the adjacent regions, including parts of other British provinces and of the United States; Geological Survey of Canada, Multicoloured Geological Map 65, scale 1:1 584 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/220748
Logan, W.E., 1869.
Geological map of Canada and Newfoundland, Sheet No. 2. scale 1:1 584 000.
http://static.torontopubliclibrary.ca/da/images/LC/557-1-l57-11-part1-small.jpg
Logan, W. E., 1870
Proposal for the establishment of a “School of Mines” at Montreal, in Connection with the Geological Survey; [Submitted to government of Nova Scotia, in:] School of Mines, Appendix No. 13, 0-nsleg-edeposit.gov.ns.ca.legcat.gov.ns.ca/deposit/b10695357_1870.pdf
Logan, W. E.; and de la Beche, H, Sir, 1844
Map. The South-Western part of the Glamorgan Coalfield. Neath, Kidwelly, Llanelly, Swansea, Gower. Ordnance Survey of Great Britain. Geological Survey of Great Britain. Old Series 37, 1844, 1 sheet https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid295129.jpg
http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=1000222
Logan, W. E. And Hunt, T.S., 1855
A Sketch of the Geology of Canada, serving to Explain the Geologic Map and the Collection of Economic Minerals Sent to the Universal Exhibition at Paris, 1855; Paris: Hector Bossange & Son, Pages 411-457 of Taché, 1856
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t0gt6b90v;view=1up;seq=440
Logan Dahne, S.F. , 1971
Sir William Edmond Logan (1798-1875). Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1970 (Part 1), pages 130-137
https://journals.library.wales/view/1386666/1418494/131
Lyell, Sir Charles, 1845
Travels in North America, in the years 1841-2: with geological observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. Volume 1. New-York: Wiley and Putnam. 231 pages at pages 50, 103, 119, 126, 173, 174, 176, 178, 183
https://archive.org/details/travelsinnortham00lyel
Volume 2. London: John Murray. 272 pages at pages 123, 142, 151, 205, 207, 209, 211, 217 https://archive.org/details/travelsinnortham02lyel_1
Lyell, Sir Charles, 1855
A manual of elementary geology. London: John Murray, 655 pages at pages 363, 380, 436, 450, 456, https://archive.org/stream/78unkngoog#page/n12/mode/2up
Mansky, Chris F., Lucas, Spencer G., Spielman, Justina and Hunt, Adrian P., 2012
Mississippian Bromalites from Blue Beach, Nova Scotia, Canada. In Vertebrate Coprolites. New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 57, at 161-170
http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/bulletins/id/1850/rec/75
Middleton, Gerald V. And Tinker, Keith J., 1998
Hutton, Lyell and Logan and their influence in North America
Geoscience Canada, Volume 25, Number 4, pages 185-188
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/gc/article/view/3990/4504
Milne Home, David, 1878
Opening Address, [obituary notice] Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, volume IX, 1875-78, pages 2-44 at pages 9-11
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/192268#page/31/mode/1up
Morgan, Henry J. 1865
Sir Wm E. Logan, F.R.G.S., F.R.S., in Sketches of celebrated Canadians and persons connected with Canada: from the earliest period in the history of the province down to the present time. Montreal : R. Worthington, 829 pages at 533-534
https://archive.org/stream/sketchescelebra00morggoog#page/n563/mode/1up
Morgan, Henry J., 1867
Logan, Sir William Edmond, F.R.S., F.G.S, LL.D., in Bibliotheca Canadensis: or A Manual of Canadian Literature; G. E. Desbarats, Ottawa, 779 pages, at pages 228-234
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924032392486#page/n245/mode/1up/search/logan
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, 1867
Siluria: a history of the oldest rocks in the British Isles and other countries with sketches of the origin and distribution of native gold, the general succession of geological formations, and changes of the earth's surface, 4th edition, London : John Murray, 566 pages, plus plates; Dedication at iii & iv, and pages 11, 22, 36, 151,163,171,188, 206, 296, 304, 353, 373, 424, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431, 434, 436, 440, 441, 489, 503, 550
https://archive.org/stream/b28094360#page/n9/mode/2up
Murray, Alexander, by 1881
Anecdotes of the Life of Sir W.E. Logan, F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, from Alexander Murray to Dr. Dawson, F.R.S., Principal of McGill College
Transcript of unpublished hand-written document; 17 pages; McGill University Archives File No: M.G. 2046, Box 3, acc 1207, ref. 134 (Anecdotes of the Life of Logan); transcribed by
Charles H. Smith, December 2009
https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/text/evergreen/LoganWE_notes_by_Alexander_Murray_transcription.pdf
Nelson, Jane Davis, 1997
Logan, William (Edmond). In Biographical Dictionary of American and Canadian Naturalists and Environmentalists, George A. Cevasco, and Lorne Hammond, Editors, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 937 pages, at pages 473-475
https://books.google.ca/ Look inside
North, F. J., 1932
William Edmond Logan and the early Coalfield Studies, in From the geological map to the geological survey: Reports and transactions of Cardiff Naturalists' Society, Vol. LXV, 1 January 1932 , Pages 41-115, at 101-107
https://journals.library.wales/view/1373290/1377710
Notman, W. And Taylor, Fennings, 1867
Sir William Edmond Logan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S,
In Portraits of British Americans with Biographical Notes, Volume II, William Notman, Montreal, pages 133- 145
https://archive.org/stream/portraitsofbriti02tayluoft#page/n181/mode/2up
Pemberton, S. George, MacEachern James A and Gingras, Murray K. 2006
The Antecedents of Invertebrate Ichnology in North America: The Canadian and Cincinnati Schools, Chapter 2 in Miller, William, III, (Editor), Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 632 pages at page 16, 17 www.amazon.ca Look inside
Plotkin, Howard; and Wilson, Graham C., 2015
The Historical Madoc, Ontario, Iron Meteorite. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . Feb 2015, Vol. 109 , Issue 1, p15-18. 4p.
https://www.rasc.ca/sites/default/files/jrasc2015-feb-lr.pdf
Poole, Henry S., 1908
A section of Carboniferous rocks in Cumberland County. Nova Scotia; (1) Detailed section of rocks from West Ragged Reef to the Joggins Mines and Minudie, by Sir William E. Logan, (republished); and (2) From Schulie to Spicer Cove, by Hugh Fletcher, B.A., of the Geological Survey of Canada . The Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. v.11, pages 417-550
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46073#page/439/mode/1up
Reeve, Lovell and Edwards, Ernest, 1863
Sir William Edmond Logan, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., in Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science, and Art, with Biographical Memoirs, Volume 1, Lovell Reeve & Co., Covent Garden, at pages 91-95
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t7np4rd8c;view=1up;seq=551
Ryan, 1881
The Geological Museum. Inquiries. February 23, 1881, pages 414-419 in Debates of The Senate of the Dominion of Canada, Third Session, Fourth Parliament, 1881, 721 pages at pages 414-419 https://books.google.ca/books?id=UvPKz6tAgvgC
Ryerson, Egerton and Hodgins, J. George, Editors, 1875
VI. Biographical Sketches. [obituary] “Sir William E. Logan, F.R.C.S., F.R.S., for years (says the Hamilton Times ) one of the most noted geologists of his time, and one to whom Canada owes a debt she perhaps can never repay. He has accomplished more for her, and won more fame for her, than any other individual in his profession...” in The Journal of Education for Ontario, Volume 28, at page 109, printed by Hunter, Rose and Co.
https://archive.org/stream/journaleducatio05educgoog#page/n292/mode/1up
Rygel, Michael C., 2005
Alluvial sedimentology and basin analysis of Carboniferous strata near Joggins, Nova Scotia, Atlantic Canada. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia May, 2005.
http://earthsciences.dal.ca/aboutus/publications/theses/PhD/ES_2005_PhD_Rygel_Michael.pdf
Rygel, Michael C. and Shipley, Brian C., 2005
"Such a section as never was put together before": Logan, Dawson, Lyell, and mid-Nineteenth-Century measurements of the Pennsylvanian Joggins section of Nova Scotia
Atlantic Geology, Volume 41, Numbers 2 and 3 [S.l.], feb. 2006. ISSN 1718-7885. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ag/article/view/179/684
https://doi.org/10.4138/179.
Sabine, Lieut.-General Edward, 1868
Presentation of the Medals, Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1867, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 16, at 179 -180 [award of Royal Medal to Sir William Logan]
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137985#page/199/mode/1up
Selwyn, Alfred R. C., 1877
Comments on Sir William Edmond Logan, in Summary Report of Geological Investigations, in Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1875-1876, (1877) 501 pages, at page 7
https://doi.org/10.4095/297007
Sharpe, Tom, 1985
Henry De La Beche and the Geological Survey of Swansea, Gower, Volume 36, pages 6-12
https://journals.library.wales/view/1272866/1275634/
Shipley, Brian C., 2001.
‘I wish these annual reports were at the devil': William E. Logan and the publications of the Geological Survey of Canada. Presented at the History of the Book in Canada, Open Conference for Volume II, Montreal.
http://www.hbic.library.utoronto.ca/vol2shipley_en.htm
Shipley, Brian C., 2002.
Rough science in the bush. The Beaver, volume 82, Feb—Mar, pp. 8—15.
http://www.canadashistory.ca/Archive
https://canadashistory.partica.online/canadas-history/the-beaver-feb-mar-2002/flipbook/10/
Shipley, Brian C., 2007
From Field to Fact: William E. Logan and the Geological Survey of Canada;
Doctoral Thesis, Dalhousie University, 306 pages
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/002/NR27185.PDF
Smith, Charles H., 1999
William Logan's 1850 History of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Geoscience Canada, Volume 26, Number 3, pages 111-120
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/viewFile/4010/4524
Smith, Charles H., 2000.
Sir William Edmond Logan, father of Canadian geology: his passion was precision.
GSA Today, 10, pp. 22—23.
https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/10/5/pdf/i1052-5173-10-5-22.pdf
Taché, J. C., 1856
Canada at the Universal Exhibition of 1855, Toronto: John Lovell, 463 pages
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100265328
Torrens, H. S., 1999,
William Edmond Logan's geological apprenticeship in Britain 1831-1842:
Geoscience Canada, v. 26, No. 3, p. 97-110.
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/4009/4523
Vodden, C., 1992
No Stone Unturned: The First 150 Years of the Geological Survey of Canada; Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa. 52 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/213806
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/webarchives/20071212202439/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/hist/150_e.php
Walcott, Charles D., 1891
Correlation papers Cambrian. U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 81, 447 pages at pages 51, 52, 54, 55,69, 79, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 149, 193,195,197, 208, 223, 226, 229,230, 231, 253,254, 277, 280, 341, 343, 405,406, 407.
https://archive.org/stream/correlationpaper00walc#page/344/mode/1up/search/pty
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/52388#/summary
https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0081/report.pdf
Weston, Thomas Chesmer, 1899
Reminiscences Among the Rocks, in Connection with the Geological Survey of Canada
Warwick Brothers & Rutter, Toronto, 328 pages
https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesamo00westuoft
J.F. Whiteaves, 1882
On Some Supposed Annelid-Tracks from the Gaspé Sandstones. Transactions of the Royal Society Canada, Section IV, pages 109-111, Pl.XI,
https://archive.org/stream/proceedingstrans11roya#page/108/mode/2up
Wilson, James Grant and Fiske, John, Editors, 1888
Logan, Sir William Edmond, in Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, D. Appleton and Company, New York at page7
https://archive.org/stream/appletonscyclop17fiskgoog#page/n29/mode/1up
Winder, C. Gordon, 2003
Logan, Sir William Edmond, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 10, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed October 15, 2017
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/logan_william_edmond_10E.html
Zeller, Suzanne, 1991
Mapping the Canadian Mind: Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada 1842-1863, Canadian Literature, No. 131 - Discourse in Early Canada: 157-167 https://canlit.ca/full-issue/?issue=131
https://canlit.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/CL131-Full-Issue.pdf
Zeller, Suzanne, 1997
Nature’s Gullivers and Crusoes: the Scientific Exploration of British North America, 1800-1870, Chapter 18 in North American Exploration, Volume 3: A Continent Comprehended, John Logan Allen, Editor, University of Nebraska Press, 656 pages, at pages 190-243
https://books.google.ca/books?isbn=0803210434
Zeller, Suzanne E., 2008; last edited 2015
Sir William Edmond Logan. In The Canadian Encyclopedia http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/m/article/sir-william-edmond-logan/
Zeller, Suzanne and Branagan, David, 1993
Australian-Canadian Links in an Imperial Geological Chain: Sir William Logan, Dr. Alfred Selwyn and Henry Y.L. Brown. Scientia Canadensis, 17(1-2), 71–102. doi:10.7202/800365ar
URI: id.erudit.org/iderudit/800365ar
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Papers and Books That are Not Available Free Online or that I have Not Yet Read
Adams, Frank, 1934
The Scottish School of Geology. Science, volume 80, No. 2078, (Oct. 26, 1934), pp. 365-368 at 367, 368 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1659016
DOI: 10.1126/science.80.2078.365
Anonymous, 1875
Obituary Notice in The Times, 26 June 1875
Anonymous, 1998
Sir William Logan. Maclean's, July 1, 1998, page 38, 39 [Selection Committee chaired by Dr. J. H. Granatstein] http://www.macleans.ca/archives-showroom/
Bell, Robert, 1885
Personal reminiscences of the late Sir William E. Logan. A lecture delivered in St. James Hall, Ottawa, 10th March, 1885. Also Somerville Lecture, Montreal, 26th March, 1885. [The text of Robert Bell’s Somerville Lecture is available at Archives Canada: Finding Aid No. MSS0585; System Control No. PIAF444627; MIKAN no. 2710449]
Christie, Nancy 1994
Sir William Logan’s Geological Empire and the ‘Humbug’ of Economic Utility. The Canadian Historical Review, vol. 75 no. 2, 1994, pp. 161-204. Project MUSE, muse.jhu.edu/article/574562.
Eagan, William E., 1987
"I would have sworn my life on your interpretation:" James Hall, William Logan and “the Quebec Group”. Earth Sciences History Vol. 6, No. 1, Special James Hall Issue (1987), pp. 47-60 http://www.jstor.org/stable/24138684
Geikie, A. 1875.
Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S., sometime Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. London: John Murray, 2 vols.
Volume 1: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101015078049;view=1up;seq=9
at 368; volume 2: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4259376;view=1up;seq=9
at 119, 120, 141, 182, 220, facing 220, 272
Hamilton, Beryl M., 1989
British geologists' changing perceptions of Precambrian time in the Nineteenth Century. Earth Sciences History, Vol. 8, No. 2, Claude C. Albritton, Jr. (1913 - 1988) Memorial Issue (1989), pp. 141-149 http://www.jstor.org/stable/24137272
Harrison, J. M. and Hall, E., 1963
“William Edmond Logan,” Geological Association of Canada, Proceedings (Toronto), XV (1963), 33–42.
Knell, Simon J., 2007
The sustainability of geological mapmaking: the case of the geological survey of Great Britain.
Earth Sciences History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2007), pp. 13-29
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24137219
Lamonde, Yuan; Fleming, Patricia Lockhart and Black, Fiona A. (Editors), 2005
History of the Book in Canada, Volume II, 1840-1918. University of Toronto Press, at pages 12, 424, 460 “Science took root in the colonies when the Province of Canada established the Geological Survey in 1842.”
Lang, A.H., 1969
Sir William Logan and the Economic Development of Canada, Canadian Public Administration, XII, 551-565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-7121.1969.tb00277.x
Levere, Trevor H., 1988
The History of Science of Canada. The British Journal for the History of Science, Volume 21, Issue 4, December 1988, pp. 419-425
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400025334
Levere, Trevor H. And Jarrell, Richard A., Editors, 1975
Curious Field-book: Science and Society in Canadian History. Oxford University Press, Canada (January 9, 1975) 246 pages
Logan, W.E., 1840
On the character of the beds of clay lying immediately below the coal Seams of South Wales, in 5th Annual Report, Royal Institution of South Wales, 1839-40, pp. 47-51
MacQueen, Roger W., Editor, 2004
Proud Heritage: People And Progress In Early Canadian Geoscience, (includes Early Geological Contributors, pages 3-8; Geological Pioneers 19th Century pages 15- ) Geological Association of Canada, Jan 1, 2004, Volume 8 of Geoscience Canada reprint series, 217 pages,
Reviewed by Christy Vodden, Geoscience Canada, Volume 32, Number 2 (2005),
https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/GC/article/view/2701/3133
MacNaughton, R.B., Brett, C.P., Coyne, M., and Shepherd, K., 2017.
Sir William Logan and the Adventure of the Ancient Amphibious Arthropod. In: S. Gouwy and K. Bell (eds.), Geological Association of Canada – Paleontology Division, Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings No. 14, p. 19.
Merrill, George P., 1924
The First One Hundred Years of American Geology; Yale University Press, New Haven, (Published in Great Britain by Milford, Oxford University Press) 773 pages, 36 plates, and 130 figures; At pages 237, 411-416, 564, 636
Miller, Willet G. 1923
Geology's Debt to the Mineral Industry. Science, New Series, Vol. 57, No. 1470 (Mar. 2, 1923), pp. 247-252 at 248, 249 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1647532
DOI: 10.1126/science.57.1470.247
North, Frederick John, 1926; second edition 1931
Coal and the coalfields in Wales. National Museum of Wales, 175 pages ; 1926 at pages 70,77, 127, 157; 1931, at pages 121-6
North, F. J. , 1936
Further chapters in the history of geology in South Wales: Sir H. T. de la Beche and the Geological Survey. Trans. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, 67 (for 1934), 31-103
Smith, Charles H. and Dyck, Ian, Editors, 2007
William E. Logan's 1845 Survey of the Upper Ottawa Valley. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Mercury Series, History Paper 54, 256 pp., 66 illustrations, 17 x 24 cm, paperback
Available at Canadian Museum of History bookstore in Gatineau, Quebec and from:
https://www.historymuseum.ca/boutique/product/william-e-logan-s-1845-survey-of-the-upper-ottawa-valley/ Price $29.95 plus taxes and shipping
Stafford, Robert A., 1989 (Paperback, 2002)
Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism.
Cambridge University Press. 308 pages, at pages 65- 67
von Bitter, Peter H., 1994
Sir William Logan’s Geological Maps of Canada, Map Collector, vol 68, page 12-18
von Bitter, Peter H., 1998
Sir William Logan’s Geological Maps of Canada; field methods and scientific instruments. Abstracts with Programs. Geological Society of America, 30, page 101
Winder, C.Gordon, 1965
Logan and South Wales: Geological Association of Canada, Proceedings, v.14, pp.103-124.
Winder, C. Gordon, 1991-92,
William Edmond Logan(1798-1875)[six articles, different titles, in the]: CIM BULLETIN, Preparatory Years: 1798-1842, v.84, no.954, pp.14-18; v.84, Logan and the GSC- mapping and displaying mineral deposits, 1840 to 1855, no.956, p.8-12; Logan and the Geological Survey-politics, people and publishing , v.85, no.957, pp.10-16; William Edmond Logan - the man - the geologist, v.85, no.958, pp.27-40; Logan and the GSC - maps, museum, mines and monetary return, v.85, no.959, pp.13-18; William Edmond Logan -GSC imprint-Canada imprint-paper imprint no.960, pp.13-21
Winder, C. Gordon, 1992,
Where is Logan’s Silver Fountain? The Upper Canadian, March/April, 1992, p. 17-18
http://www.theuppercanadian.com/
Winder, C. Gordon, 2004
William Edmond Logan (1798-1875), Knighted Canadian Geologist: An Anthology;
Trafford Publishing (UK) Ltd., 204 pages [Includes Bell, 1907a, all of Winder’s papers from CIM Bulletin, etc.] US$20 plus shipping, from Publisher in USA:
https://www.trafford.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000155008
Yochelson, Ellis, 1993
The Question of Primordial and Cambrian/Taconic: Barrande and Logan/Marcou. Earth Sciences History: 1993, Vol. 12 [History of Canadian Geology], No. 2, pp. 111-120.
https://doi.org/10.17704/eshi.12.2.lm6ql05572n38221
www.jstor.org/stable/24138601
Zaslow, Morris, 1975
Reading the Rocks: The Story of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1842–1972;
The MacMillan Company of Canada Ltd, Toronto, 599 p.
Zeller, Suzanne, 1986
Victorian inventory science and Canadian nation building, 1830-1880, Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Library and Archives Canada: NL Stacks Mic.F. TH- 43395
Zeller, Suzanne, 1987, 2009
Inventing Canada: Early Victorian Science and the Idea of a Transcontinental Nation
University of Toronto Press, 1987; McGill-Queens’s University Press, 2009, 356 pages, Part 1: Geology at pages 13-112. Available from McGill-Queens’s University Press:
http://www.mqup.ca/inventing-canada-products-9780773535619.php?page_id=46
$29.66 plus tax and shipping. Ebook available.
Zeller, Suzanne, 2000
The Colonial World as Geological Metaphor: Strata(gems) of Empire in Victorian Canada
Osiris, Vol. 15, Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise (2000), pp. 85-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/301942
Zeller, Suzanne, 2006
Sir William Logan and Sir J.W. Dawson: Victorian Geology as Scottish Science in a New World Environment (pp. 167-182); From: Kingdom of the Mind: How the Scots Helped Make Canada, Edited by P. E. Rider and H. A. McNabb. McGill-Queen's University Press, 304 Pages
Zeller, Suzanne, 2017
Context, Connections and Culture: The History of Science in Canada as a Field of Study, chapter 15 in The Romance of Science: Essays in Honour of Trevor H. Levere; Jed Buchwald, Larry Stewart, Editors; Springer: 310 pages at 277-299
