“Protichnites is from the Greek
Protos, the first, –
Ichnos, foot-print, or track, – and
Lithos, stone; literally – The first stone foot-prints.” (Elkanah Billings, 1857)
“PROTICHNITES (Gr.
protos, first;
ichnos, footprint)” (H. Alleyne Nicholson, 1876)
I suspect that everyone who has looked at the trackway that is the trace fossil Protichnites is aware that the first specimens were found in a quarry on the west side of the St. Louis River at Beauharnois, Quebec, that the first reports in the scientific papers were papers read before the Geological Society of London on April 30, 1851 by W. E. Logan and Professor Owen, that in the field season of 1851 W. E. Logan returned to Canada and with the aid of Mr. Richardson found numerous examples of similar trackways, principally at Henault’s field (a half mile west of the quarry on the River St. Louis), that in 1852 W. E. Logan and Professor Owen again presented papers before the Geological Society of London, that numerous drawings of the trackways accompanied the two papers, and that in Professor Owen’s paper the trackways were given the name Protichnites.
In his papers and reports Logan named the others besides himself who deserved credit for finding the initial trackways, and while Logan named the most significant contributors, their contributions are often overlooked. These named individuals are:
- Mr. Abraham, Editor of the Montreal Gazette,
- Mr. James Richardson, an employee of the Geological Survey of Canada, and
- Mr. Alexander Murray, Assistant Provincial Geologist at the Geological Survey of Canada.
Various unnamed quarrymen were also singled out by Logan.
Below I’ve also mentioned two other individuals: Sir Charles Lyell (a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day, who in his era published the most widely read books on geology) and Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (the author of comprehensive work on the Silurian System in Great Britain and elsewhere). Lyell promoted Logan’s discovery while Murchison initially questioned its importance. In part this is because Logan’s discovery called into question part of the latter’s book,
Siluria, which described the geology and fossil content of much of the Paleozoic.
Today we accept that the trackmakers that left the Protichnites trackways were likely the first creatures to leave the oceans and walk on land. It is interesting to step back in time and take a brief look at the disbelief, the furor and amazement that the discovery of Protichnites trackways created, and at the speed with which the discovery circulated among geologists in England, Canada and the United States.
Below I’ve provided the important dates. When looking at the dates it is important to keep in mind that before Logan and Owen presented their papers in 1851 and 1852 the accepted belief was that before the Devonian no creature walked on land. It is also worth noting that what we now call the Cambrian and Ordovician were encompassed at that time within the Lower Silurian. It was an important time in the development of geology, and ideas were changing rapidly. In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made the celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright fossil tree at Joggins, Nova Scotia. It was not until 1859 that Darwin published
On the Origin of Species and it was not until 1879 that the Ordovician was defined. It had not been two decades since Charles Lyell's multi-volume
Principles of Geology was published from 1830 to 1833 . Wikipedia comments that Lyell “developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. The terms uniformitarianism for this idea, and catastrophism for the opposing viewpoint, were coined by William Whewell in a review of Lyell's book.
Principles of Geology was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century.”
To understand what is written below one also has to have at least a passing understanding of the references to the “Old red sandstone.” This is a British a sequence of rock strata which is of considerable importance to early paleontology. In Logan’s time they were known as a sequence of Devonian rocks that are continental rather than marine in origin. The fossil fauna is characterized by primitive fishes. Near the top of the succession were found the first terrestrial tetrapod vertebrates. Today these rocks are mapped as extending from the late Silurian into the Devonian and on into the earliest part of the Carboniferous. Many early papers reference the Old Red Sandstone.
The Important Dates Concerning the Discovery of Protichnites
These are the important dates:
1847 - Mr. Robert Abraham, Editor of the Montreal Gazette, reports in his newspaper the discovery of the track in a sandstone quarry at Beauharnois, Quebec
1847 - Mr. Abraham brings the tracks to the attention of W. E. Logan. They are delayed by circumstances one year, and a premature and early snow the next, from visiting the occurrence.
1849 or 50 - W. E. Logan and Robert Abraham visit the site . (Later Mr. Sterry Hunt, Chemist to the Geological Survey of Canada, visits the site and finds many more tracks.)
December, 1850 - W. E. Logan has two specimens quarried from the quarry on the west side of the St. Louis River at Beauharnois, Quebec and has casts made of the larger specimen
Winter of 1851 – After the boats have left the St. Lawrence, Logan sails for London from Boston, taking with him a small slab bearing the trackway and six plaster casts of the large specimen, which weighs over a ton and is 12 and half feet in length. The original slab, because of its size, is left in the museum at Montreal connected with the Geological Survey of Canada.
March 18, 1851- Professor Owen sends a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, President to the Geological Society of London, commenting on the tracks (which is published as an addendum to Lyell’s February 18th Anniversary Address of the President to the Geological Society of London). The letter is a condensed version of the paper he presents in April.
April 30, 1851 - W. E. Logan and Professor Owen read papers before the Geological Society of London, exhibiting the small specimen and the casts. Important geologists, including Sir Roderick I. Murchison, contest the conclusions in the paper, doubting that the rock is as old as proposed by Logan.
July, 1851 - W. E. Logan exhibits the small specimen and the casts at a Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Ipswich, England. Logan’s talk is well received.
July, 1851 - The addendum to Lyell’s February 18th Anniversary Address of the President, including Professor Owen’s letter to Sir Charles Lyell, is published in The American Journal of Science and Arts
Field Season 1851 - Forty-three trackways are found in four areas in Henault’s field (a half mile west of the quarry on the River St. Louis). Additional trackways are found two and a half miles further westward close to the mouth of the Beauharnois Canal, on one of the Islands of St. Géneviève, in the vicinity of Point Cavagnol (on the south side of Lake of Two Mountains in Vaudreuil), in the vicinity of Pointe du Grand Détroit in Vaudreuil, at the summit of the escarpment along the Rivière du Nord at Lachute, and in Lansdowne and Bastard counties in Ontario.
September, 1851 - Robert Abraham publishes an article describing finding the occurrence, bringing it to Mr. Logan’s attention, his visit to the site with Logan
January 6, 1852 - Logan again sails for London, taking with him the original 12 ½ foot slab, a second slab from Henault’s field measuring 8 feet, a third slab with two tracks and ripple marks upon it from one of the Islands of St. Géneviève, and one hundred casts of trackways from Henault’s field.
February 21, 1852 - Logan writes to his brother James that “I am engaged night after night with Owen in the examination of the tracks, which make a wonderful display on the floor of the Geological Society. They cover the whole centre of the room. .. The anniversary of the Society took place yesterday, and the tracks excited great interest.”
After February 20, 1852- Owen sends a communication to William Hopkins, the new President of the Geological Society of London, advising that the tracks belong to Crustaceans. This is published as an addendum to the Anniversary Address of the President that was delivered on February 20th
1852 - Before March 24 - The fourth edition of Sir Charles Lyell’s text
A Manual of Elementary Geology is published. Lyell devotes over two pages to the tracks, noting that “numerous other trails have since been observed ...and Mr. Logan, who has visited those places, will shortly publish a description of the phenomena.”
March 24, 1852 - W. E. Logan and Professor Owen read papers before the Geological Society of London. Following the papers, Logan reports “there was a glorious discussion.” Logan temporarily deposits the 8 foot slab from Henault’s field (bearing Protichnites latus) with the Society’s Museum, and deposits casts from Henault’s field (including the tracks Protichnites 7-notatus, Protichnites lineatus and Protichnites alternans) in the British Museum
Robert Abraham’s Discovery
The discovery of the first trackway that was later identified as Protichnites is reported concisely in a paper by Elkanah Billings published in 1857, who mentions:
“In 1847, the late Mr. Abraham, then Editor of the Montreal Gazette, announced in his paper that the tracks of a tortoise had been discovered in the sandstone of Beauharnois. He supposed this rock to be the equivalent of the old red sandstone, and, as previous to the publication of his notice no remains of reptiles had been found in formations of so ancient a date, these were regarded by him as particularly interesting. Mr. Logan’s attention was afterwards drawn to the discovery...”
Logan acknowledged Mr. Abraham’s contribution stating (a) in his 1851 paper that “My attention was first drawn to the track by Mr. Abraham, then editor of the Montreal Gazette, who duly appreciated its possible geological importance, and inserted a notice of it in his daily journal.”, (b) in the
Report of Progress for the Year 1851-52 “The occurrence of the track near the mill by the St. Louis River at Beauharnois, had been pointed out to me by Mr. Arbraham, then editor of the Montreal Gazette, who had introduced a notice of it in his Journal, in which he compared it to the track of a tortoise.” and (c) in his 1863 book the
Geology of Canada “The first track discovered was met with near the mill on the St. Louis River at Beauharnois; and the late Mr. Abraham, editor of the Montreal Gazette, was the first to draw attention to it, by notice in his journal, in which he compared it to a tortoise.”
Mr. Abraham’s contribution was acknowledged by Sir Charles Lyell, who commented in the addendum to his Anniversary Address mentioned above, that “The markings were first pointed out to Mr. Logan by Mr. Abraham, editor of the Montreal Gazette, who appreciated their geological significance.”
Sir Charles Lyell gave Robert Abraham even more credit in 1852 when he published the fourth edition of his text A Manual of Elementary Geology, where two full pages, and a part of a third, are devoted to the tracks. Lyell starts off his report with the sentences “In the year 1847, Mr. Robert Abraham announced in the Montreal Gazette, of which he was the editor, that the track of a freshwater tortoise had been observed on the surface of stratum of sandstone in a quarry opened on the banks of the St. Lawrence at Beauharnois in Upper Canada.... Imagining the rock to be the lowest member of the old red sandstone, he was aware that no traces had as yet been found of a reptile in strata of such antiquity. He was soon informed by Mr. Logan ... that the white sandstone above Montreal was really much older than the “Old Red, ” or Devonian. It had in fact been ascertained ... to lie at the base of the whole Silurian series.” Later Lyell notes that Mr. Abraham “was aware that no traces had as yet been found of a reptile in strata of such high antiquity” and that “Mr. Abraham has inferred that breadth of the quadruped was from five to seven inches.”
I have not been able to find the original article from the 1847 Montreal Gazette. I did find an article by Robert Abraham that was submitted on August 25, 1851 and published in September, 1851 where he describes finding the track, publishing his announcement in the Montreal Gazette, bringing it to the attention of W.E. Logan, and visiting the site with Logan. Here is a condensed version, in Robert Abraham's own words:
“About four years ago, when on the road to Beauharnois, I met Mr. Macmaster, of the Seigniory Mill of that village, who... told me that in the quarries above him, there were the tracks visible of a common mud-turtle or terrapin... I told him it was impossible, that no animal existed or could exist, at the time those rocks were deposited. He persisted... We accordingly went up to the quarry, when I wondered, and was convinced. Doubt there could be none that this was the path of a quadruped of some sort or other...
Mr. Logan was at that time from home, I think surveying the basins on the New Brunswick frontier. I published an account of the discovery in the Montreal Gazette... At that time I as under the impression ... that the rock was the oldest member of the old red sandstone series... Bold and brash that I was, I did not hesitate to express my opinion that the track really was that of a tortoise.
When Mr. Logan returned, towards the close of the autumn, he saw my paper, and though he had no doubt that the traces were those of an undescribed animal, he could not believe that they were those of a Chelonian reptile... And, moreover, he told me that the rock was even older than I had supposed;... belonging...to the lower Silurian series. The track might, he thought, be a of a gigantic centipede or millipede... I made a rude drawing... To this he objected, that an idle boy might have made a series of marks with a pickaxe, to produce the effect delineated. I answered ... that no human skill could produce the median trail with raised edges, whether due to a tail or to the convexity of a breastplate dragging through mud; that there were twelve or fifteen feet of a stratum of rock, about fifteen inches thick, under which the trail entered, and the other came out...
[Mr. Logan] arranged with me to go and look at the rock. Circumstances prevented him from doing so that year. The next year we were interrupted by a premature and heavy snow. On the third year he went with me, and wondered, as I had wondered before. The portions exposed had suffered from much from the action of frost and sun, but there was quite enough unexposed, to be quarried out, fresh and perfect. Mr. Logan took the opportunity of the great Exhibition, to lay casts and specimens before the Geological Society of London. ... [He] placed my original article in the hands of the Society, and Sir Charles Lyell has distinctly stated the material point, that I was aware of the importance of the discovery.
... I saw three impressions, including the one preserved; but Mr. Hunt, Chemist to the Geological establishment, has since been to the spot, and has found many more, including one striking phenomenon, where the foot of the creature has struck against a wave-marked ripple on what was then the sand. Mr. Logan has just informed me that many more have been detected.”
An interesting description by a person that Logan and others describe merely as the editor of the Montreal Gazette. It begs the question: Who was Robert Abraham? Various sources provide the answer: he was a man for all seasons. He was an Englishman from Cumberland. He trained as a medical doctor, graduating from the University of Edinburgh, but soon was drawn to journalism. He was medical editor of the Liverpool Journal before he emigrated to Canada and bought the Montreal Gazette in 1843 or 1844. He was the editor of the Gazette until 1848, and is supposed to have been an able writer but a militant journalist. After he sold the Montreal Gazette he became a lawyer, and was admitted to practice as an advocate in Lower Canada. He then returned as an editor of a newspaper and of an agricultural journal. He died at Montreal on November 10, 1854.
Above all, Robert Abraham was a writer. An example of his legal writing is the booklet published in 1849 entitled
Some remarks upon the French tenure of "franc aleu roturier", and on its relation to the feudal and other tenures (that is available from archive.org). An example of Robert Abraham's writing on natural history is his 1851 article entitled
Tracks of a Chelonian Reptile in the Lower Silurian formation, at Beauharnois
, The British American Medical & Physical Journal, Volume 7, pages
195-200 (an article that I suspect had probably not seen the light of
day for well over a century until I happened upon it). An example of his medical writing is
Case of Sanguineous Apolexy, 1825, The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 24, pages 301-304
Medical doctor, editor, militant journalist, lawyer, writer and the first to realize the significance of the tracks at Beauharnois. Quite a career.
A few additional details of his life can be found in a paper presented in 1869 by Sir Robert Gibb entitled
Discoveries in Science by the Medical Philosopher, An Oration delivered to the Medical Society of London, which discusses the contributions of numerous medical doctors. Sir Robert Gibb mentions that Robert Abraham, an Englishman, “whom I had the pleasure of knowing well”, “was a surgeon, a Member of the London College, who at one time was in practice in Carlisle, and emigrated to Canada, where he became the Editor of the Montreal Gazette, a daily newspaper.” Those are the only facts about Mr. Abraham that Gibb can provide, though he speculates “Although we have no information concerning the student life of and early history of Robert Abraham, ... it is but fair to infer that the study of the animal world was not neglected by him before he became a member of the profession of which we all feel proud.”
In the notice of Robert Abraham's passing the Gazette highlighted his editorial writing, but also mentioned:
“ As a geologist and naturalist (particularly in his favourite branch of Natural History, Entomology) he had few equals in Canada– perhaps no superior on this continent.”
[I have not been able to find any of Robert Abraham’s writings on Entomology, but note that Canadians would have been more likely to have chosen W. E. Logan as the preeminent geologist on the continent, while Americans might have chosen Ebenezeer Emmons, James Hall or James Dwight Dana.]
Interestingly, Sir William Gibb, M.D., visited Abraham’s discovery in August, 1851. He states:
“Possessing myself some knowledge of the Science of Geology, ... I was forcibly struck with Abraham’s discovery, and when I first visited the locality where these impressions existed in August 1851 – eighteen years ago, before many of them had been disturbed,....”
Wouldn’t we all have liked to have visited the Beauharnois area in 1851.
Sadly, after about 1910 Mr. Abraham’s name is rarely mentioned in conjunction with the discovery of the trackways at Beauharnois. The discovery is often credited to Logan and Owen.
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Part 2 on Protichnites will cover Logan’s two visits to England in 1851 and 1852
Christopher P. Brett
Perth, Ontario
