Campbell’s Quarry - Continued
In 1949 the National Capital Commission took out an option to purchase the Campbell Sandstone Quarries and 340 surrounding acres in the Green Belt. As part of the agreement Archie Campbell was permitted to continue operations on a rental basis. Hewitt (1951) mentions that “Campbell Sandstone Quarries operate a quarry on lot 3, concession II, Nepean township, for the production of building stone and silica rock for cement”. It was still carrying on that business in 1963 (Hewitt, 1963) but ceased operation about 1964 (Hewitt, 1964).
The abandoned Campbell’s Quarry is on the premises of Natural Resources Canada’s CANMET Research Facility. Below is a Google Satellite View of the abandoned Campbell’s Quarry.
The quarry is on two levels, which I have marked as ‘L1' for Level 1 and ‘L2' for Level 2 (following Egner, 1994– see below). I have marked the outer boundary of each level with fluorescent pink. Level 1 is being used by CANMET for storage while Level 2 appears to be clear. Based on Google’s scale, Level 1 covers an area of about 5,900 square meters while Level 2 covers an area of about 2,400 square meters, giving a total area of about 8,300 square meters. I suspect that the quarry actually covers a larger area and that the vegetation obscures the extent of the quarry.
Alice E. Wilson (1956), M.C. Egner (1994), and Sanford and Arnott (2006) have all briefly described the rocks at Campbell’s Quarry.
Alice E. Wilson (1956, page 23) had a stop at the Campbell Quarry in her field trip guide. She noted the joint planes, asymmetric ripple marks, 'liesegang' — dark spots of iron material, layers of course sand and mud cracks.
In a Master of Science thesis entitled ‘Weathering Characteristics of Building Stone at Ottawa,’ M.C. Egner (1994) provides the following description of the Campbell’s Quarry:
“The quarry is approximately 15 000 square metres in area and only 5m deep. ... Several sedimentary structures are evident in the quarry. Ripples are common on the floor of levels one and two ... Dewatering structures were seen at the north end of the quarry and on level 2. Desiccation cracks and possible burrows were seen infrequently at the north end of level 1. Liesegang banding is common on the second level, south side, and along the second level face. On both level floors, scattered depressions are left where calcite has been dissolved. Channels are apparent in both the north face, level 1, and the east face, level 2. Most of the rock is highly siliceous, silica-cemented, and in beds at least 10 cm thick. Elsewhere the beds range from 10cm to < l cm. At the east face, level 2 near a channel, a series of fractures trends 200̊. The surface expression is a series of parallel ridges. The faces of the fractures are flat and smooth, dipping 80̊ north. A large block of stone near the northeast face of level 2 (quarry source unknown) contained a 1cm gap infilled with crumbling pyrite. Beds in the quarry that are most suitable for building stone are between 0.6 m and 2.7 m up from the floor of level 1. This rock is buff to white, thickly bedded, lacks significant pyrite, and is mainly siliceous. Possibly some of the fractures are faults, and therefore more detailed mapping would be necessary before large quantities of stone could be properly quarried.”
Sanford and Arnott (2006, page 60) state that “Exposed at two levels (benches) are an estimated 11 m of strata consisting of white to light grey, thin to thick, uniformly bedded quartz arenite that weathers grey to faintly pink and yellowish green. Neither the lower nor the upper contact with Precambrian basement and March formation is exposed here, though the base of the lower level of the quarry cannot be too far above the Precambrian surface at this locality.”
Enger’s estimate that the quarry is 5 meters deep does not agree with Sanford and Arnott’s estimated 11 meters of strata. Based on the photo of the quarry in Sanford and Arnott’s publication, their estimate seems more reasonable, but one would have to visit the quarry to determine which estimate is accurate. The gate at the entrance to the CANMET research complex, and the security guard house, prevent easy access.
Geologic Map
Below is a marked up extract from Williams, Rae, and Wolf’s (1982) Paleozoic Geological Map P. 2716, showing the geology of the area around the abandoned Campbell Quarry and the abandoned Henry Bishop - Tillson quarry.
The Campbell Quarry is shown by the letter ‘C’ on yellow background in a black box. Other symbols are similar to those I used on the extract from the NCC’s All Seasons Trail Map that was part of my last blog posting. The location of the ‘outcrops of interest’ from the last blog posting is shown by the red square. The letter ‘Q’ in a red box represents one part of the Henry Bishop - Tillson quarry. The magenta box encompasses the outcrop of Nepean sandstone along Highway 417, which various authors designated as the principal reference section and type section for the Nepean formation. The green square shows the location of the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site. The black square shows the location of an outcrop of March formation dolostone and dolomitic quartz arenite along Timm Road which is stop 5 for Donaldson and Chiarenzelli’s (2004) field trip. The red crossed hammers north of Corkstown Road mark an additional abandoned Nepean Sandstone quarry that falls on lot 6, Concession I, Ottawa Front, – likely the Keefer quarry.
Points worth noting on the map are the following:
- the Campbell Quarry, the Henry Bishop - Tillson quarry, the Keefer quarry and the ‘outcrops of interest’ are all mapped as Nepean Formation Sandstone
- the area designated as the principal reference section/type section, the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site, and stop 5 for Donaldson and Chiarenzelli’s (2004) field trip are all mapped as March (Theresa) formation dolostones and dolomitic sandstones
- a fault dipping to the south separates [1] the Nepean sandstone encompassing the Campbell Quarry, Henry Bishop - Tillson quarry, Keefer quarry, from [2] the March (Theresa) Formation dolomitic rocks encompassing the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site, and stop 5 for Donaldson and Chiarenzelli’s field trip.
Principal Reference Section and Type Sections
Alice E. Wilson (1946) did not describe a type section for the Nepean Formation. She stated “The formation is named from Nepean township, where the large quarries lie from which the stone was taken for the Parliament Building of Canada, and for many other large government and other buildings.” On the north side of the Queensway, east of March Road and west of Moodie Drive, is an outcrop of Nepean Formation sandstone that has been proposed as the Principal Reference Section for the Nepean Formation and as the Type Section for the Nepean Formation. The outcrop was selected because it is close of where the large quarries were located, is one of the thickest in the area, and because it was believed (incorrectly) that all of the quarries had been filled in. Five close, but slightly different, sections of the outcrop have been measured, with the authors noting slightly different features. One measured section was proposed as the Principal Reference Section for the Nepean Formation by Greggs and Bond (1972 ). Two other measured sections from this outcrop were proposed as the Type Section for the Nepean Formation by Brand and Rust (1977a) and by Dix, Salad Hersi and Nowlan (2004). The fourth is included in a doctoral thesis: Lowe (2016). The fifth section was measured by Williams (1991, page 251)
Greggs and Bond (1972 ) proposed a principal reference section for the Nepean Formation that is on the north side of the Queensway (then Highway 17; now Highway 417) “1.1 mi (1.74 km) east of the junction of the Queensway (Highway 17) and the boundary road between Nepean and March Townships” [namely, Eagleson Road/March Road]. They also stated that the “This section lies between the Queensway (Highway 17) and the Corkstown road in the northeast corner of Lot 5, Concession II, Nepean Township.” They noted that “The section is not ideal in that the upper contact with the March Formation has been eroded, but less than 3 mi (0.8 km) to the south along the same ridge, outcrops of the March Formation are present.” They provided a measured section of eight sandstone units totaling 23.8 ft (6.85 m), with each unit being between 0.5 ft (0.2 m) and 6.8 ft (1.8 m) thick. They placed all eight units within the Nepean formation.
While Greggs and Bond (1972) said that the quarry is on the “northeast corner” of Lot 5, the map
that was published as Greggs and Bond (1973) shows the quarry on the northwest corner of Lot 5. The standard lot in Ontario was 20 chains (1,320 feet; a 1/4 mile) wide. Their distance of 1.1 miles east of March Road places the measured section in the northwest corner of Lot 5.
Brand and Rust (1977a) measured a section close to that measured by Greggs and Bond . Brand and Rust (1977a) stated that “we located our section as close as possible to that of Greggs and Bond (1972, Fig. 1; 1973, p. 329). It is on the north side of the Queensway, 2.2 km (1.35 miles) west of the Moodie Drive intersection (Fig. 1). In passing, it should be noted that the Queensway exposures show lateral variations from the type section; notably the presence of channels in the lower Nepean units on the south side of the highway opposite the type section, and elsewhere.” They proposed their section as the type section for the Nepean formation. They described eight Nepean sandstone units and an overlying ninth unit which they assigned to the March formation, in a measured section about 6.8 meters (calculated using their scale bar) thick.
Greggs and Bond (1977) commented on Brand and Rust’s (1977) paper noting the “extreme difficulty experienced in distinguishing between Nepean and March” and that “Even Wilson's definition of the base of the March Formation, advocated by Brand and Rust, as the lowest sandstone with a consistent carbonate content cannot be applied to small, isolated exposures of Nepean-March sandstones; one can never be sure that one has found the lowest bed with a carbonate content,” ... [T]he definition proposed by Wilson, and advocated by Brand and Rust for locating the base of the March Formation, is not feasible in practice.”
Brand and Rust (1977b), in a reply to Greggs and Bond’s (1977) paper , noted that “In our paper we assumed that Greggs and Bond (1972) included the uppermost bed in their principal reference section, hence the apparent disagreement. They placed all their section in the Nepean Formation, whereas we recognized the uppermost bed as the base of the March. However, Greggs informed us that their reference section was measured at a part of the roadcut where the uppermost bed is absent.”
Williams (1991, page 251) described a 6.7 meter measured section for the Queensway roadcut. He describes five beds of Nepean Formation quartz sandstone overlain by a bed of March Formation sandy dolomite. This is his section “OT-3: roadcut, Nepean (Queensway)” with UTM 432450E, 5019700N.
Williams (1991, page 249) also measured a 1.75 m section of Nepean Formation sandstone on Corkstown Road. This is his Section AO OT-7 . He described the outcrop as “Quartz sandstone - white, white to reddish brown weathering; fine to medium grained; thinly to massive bedded; ripple marks, non-calcareous.” Williams placed the outcrop on Nepean Township, Lot 6, Concession l, Nepean Township. There are additional roadside outcrops of Nepean sandstone 500 hundred meters further west along Corkstown Road.
Dix, Salad Hersi, and Nowlan (2004) measured a vertical section on the north side of the Queensway (but not the same section as Greggs and Bond (1972) or Brand and Rust (1977a)) and a section on the south side, identifying the top beds of each section as the Theresa formation. They proposed that the boundary between the Theresa and Nepean “should be repositioned
downsection by 1.5 m [from Brand and Rust’s boundary] ... coincident with a disconformity.”
David Lowe (2016) includes photographs (Figure 5.27) of the Keeseville-Theresa contact from the western Ottawa Embayment, including one from the outcrop along the Queensway. His photograph ‘D’ is described as “Cryptic paraconformity between sabkha facies of the upper Keeseville (below) and locally bioturbated tide-dominated marine strata of Theresa Formation (above) at the type locality of the “Nepean Formation” along Highway 417 in Ottawa (locality 222). The base of the Theresa is defined by the lowest dolomite-cemented bed, following Dix et al. (2004). Slight preferential weathering of the uppermost ~20 cm of the Keeseville is attributed to an interstitial illuvial matrix that inhibited the silica or dolomite cementation present in adjacent strata.” Dave also includes a measured section (Figure 5.28) which he describes as a “Stratigraphic log of the “Nepean Formation” (here abandoned) type section along highway 417 in Ottawa (locality 222). Red dashed line marks the paraconformity between the Keeseville and Theresa formations.” Dave recommended abandoning the term ‘Nepean Formation’ and using ‘Keeseville Formation.’
Searching 45.32923,-75.86422 in Google Maps, switching to Google Satellite View, then Street View, and looking north, will show the outcrop. Below is a photograph of the outcrop taken by Google Street View.
I’ve driven by that outcrop at about 100 to 120 km per hour over 1,000 times in the last 15 years. While drive-by mapping has known disadvantages, on a few occasions I’ve felt that I can identify the overlying bed of March (Theresa) formation dolostone identified by Brand and Rust (1977a) and Williams (1991). As Highway 417 is a restricted access highway, stopping to look at the outcrop is prohibited.
Bernius and Crow et al. Logged the Core from the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site
A point worth noting is that Bernius (1981, 1996) logged the drill core from the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site. The drill holes intersected about 65 m of Paleozoic rocks that dip at a low angle and thicken slightly to the north-northwest, underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. The core revealed (progressing down the holes):
Paleozoic
- 11 to 16 metres of Oxford Formation grey to reddish brown, sandy dolomite;
- 4 metres of March Formation comprised of a massive quartz arenite on the top and a light-grey coloured dolomitic sandstone at the bottom
- Nepean Formation comprised of (still progressing down the holes):
- 16 metres of pure, well sorted, massive, white sandstone
- a 50 cm layer of reddish-brown shale
- 27 metres comprised of a sequence of cross-bedded sandstones with fifteen bioturbate layers that range in thickness from 2 cm to 10 cm and alternate with the cross-bedding, with zones of vertical worms holes of the species skolithos, Diplocraterion and Arenicolites
- a thin 5 cm layer of quartz-feldspar orthoconglomerate
Precambrian
- a 15 - 17 metre highly altered/weathered zone, a saprolite layer, in the Precambrian rocks
- syenites, granites and gneisses
Bernius was the only one to report Oxford Formation rocks directly south of CANMET’s Research Facility. The 50 cm layer of reddish-brown shale within the Nepean Formation is also interesting, as is his report of 43 meters of Nepean Formation sandstone, which is much thicker than other estimates for this area and much thicker than the measured sections on the Queensway.
In a recent paper Crow et al. (2021) provided new geophysical data from the drill holes at the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site. They also re-logged the drill core. Their description of the rocks differs slightly from Benius’ description. For example, they have adopted more current names for the formations, don’t mention the layer of reddish brown shale, and assign more rock to the Theresa (formerly the March) Formation, and less rock to the Beauharnois (formerly lower Oxford) Formation. This is their description of the Paleozoic rocks:
“Keeseville (Nepean) Formation (core depths 20.45 – 64.30m)
The contact with the basement occurs at a 20cm thick quartz conglomerate with some brownish limonitic layers (Bernius, 1996). A 5.2m-long interval of white quartz sandstone overlies the conglomerate. Overlying this is a sandstone sequence characterized by alternating bioturbated and cross-bedded sandstone, both with variable amounts of hematite (visible iron staining), glauconite and limonite. There are 23 bioturbated layers identified, ranging in thickness from 5 to 83cm. Burrows are frequently seen in this interval. The upper 16m of the Keeseville Formation is characterized by massive, white quartz arenite with some dark laminae and irregular layers.
Theresa and Beauharnois Formations (core depths 5.30 (top of core) – 20.45m)
The Theresa Formation is composed of interbedded sandy calcareous dolostone and calcareous
sandstone. The base of the formation contains a distinct dark grey layer of uranium-bearing and
chalcopyrite-rich pyrobitumen (Charbonneau et al., 1975; Bernius, 1996) also known as thucolite (see Hoekstra and Fuchs, 1960). The core transitions upward into a grey, fine to medium crystalline dolostone, containing a few very thin interbeds of fine grained quartz sandstone. Calcite-filled cavities are observed in core. The upper several metres of core are broken and fractured, with visible weathering along vertical fracture surfaces. The transitional nature of the Theresa Formation upward into the Beauharnois Formation leaves assigning the contact between the two open for re-examination. The local thickness of the Theresa Formation has been interpreted to be about 10m, suggesting that the upper few metres of core could be Beauharnois Fm.”
A 120 Foot Deep Test Shaft on Lot 5, Concession II, Nepean Township
What I have not been able to locate and mark on the map is the location of a 120 foot deep test shaft dug on Lot 5, Concession II, Nepean Township. It could be anywhere between Corkstown Road and Robertson Road, would be west of the Henry Bishop - Tillson quarry and well east or southeast of the Campbell Quarry. Presumably the shaft is covered.
Hewitt (1963, pages 23, 25) mentions that “In 1949 and 1950 work was carried out in the Bells Corners area under the direction of F. W. Huggins of Ottawa with a view to developing a deposit of Nepean sandstone as a source of glass sand. The average of chemical analyses of twenty-four core samples obtained in a diamond-drill program, is given as follows : SiO2....97.3%; Al2O3. ... 0.76%, Fe2O3.... 0.116%, L. O. I.... 0.54% . The drilling program is reported to have outlined some 7,000,000 tons of sandstone of the above composition in a 10-foot bed at a depth of 110 feet.
In December 1950, a test shaft 5 by 8 feet was sunk to a depth of 120 feet on lot 5, concession
II, Nepean township, to test the pure sandstone beds near the base of the Nepean Formation. A
bulk sample of 100 tons taken at the shaft area had the following analysis: SiO2 .... 97.65%, A12O3...0.74%, Fe2O3...0.195%, L. O. I. ..... 0.53%.
A 250-ton sample of sandstone, obtained from a 30-foot room 170 feet from the shaft, was shipped to Ottawa ... 70-80 percent of the sample was recovered as glass sand of satisfactory physical requirements for the glass industry. It was considered that the added costs of underground mining would make the project uneconomic.”
What is interesting about Hewitt’s report is that the Nepean sandstone on lot 5 extends to a depth of 110 feet. I suspect that this is much deeper than anyone looking at Greggs and Bond (1972), Brand and Rust (1977a) or Dix, Salad Hersi and Nowlan (2004) would have predicted. However, if the shaft was dug south of the fault and east or southeast of the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Site then Hewitt’s report of 10-foot bed at a depth of 110 feet could correspond with Bernius’ (1981, 1996) report of 16 metres of pure, well sorted, massive, white sandstone extending from 20 metres to 36 metres [66 feet to 120 feet]. Collings and Andrews (1989, page 116) summarize a report by Huggins (1950) stating “The sandstone bed was reported to be 3 m thick, to contain 7 Mt and to be overlaid by calcareous sandstone.” Being overlain by calcareous sandstone (likely the March/Theresa Formation) places the location either close to Corkstown Road or south of the fault.
Egner’s (1994) and Owen's (1962, 63) Reports on Drill Core from Bells Corners
There is additional drill core from this area. Egner (1994) reported that he had logged drill core from Bells Corners at the Geological Survey of Canada Core Library located at Tunney’s Pasture and Hull. His log is at pages 164 -168 of his thesis and his section is at pages 188- 189. He reported 25 feet of March dolomite and sandstone overlying 81 feet of Nepean sandstone. I have not contacted the GSC Core Library to try to get the co-ordinates of the drill hole.
Owen (1962, 1963) reports that Canada’s Mines Branch drilled seven test boreholes in the Nepean sandstone on lot 5, concession 1 (O. F.) Nepean township, about a kilometer north of Corkstown Road. The holes were drilled to find a suitable location for an experimental mine to conduct experiments relating to rock mechanics. Logs of the drill core record up to 101 feet of sandstone underlain by discontinuous beds of silty shale and conglomerate up to 5 feet in thickness, overlying granite. Two of the holes were drilled in a small abandoned quarry, that would have been part of Howard Rock’s quarry, one face of which is shown below.
Areas of Natural or Scientific Interest (ANSI) and Constructing the LRT
Morrison Hershfield (2017) in a report on the Moodie Light Rail Transit Extension for the City of Ottawa, mention that both (A) the Queensway Road Cut area which was proposed as a reference section for the Nepean (Potsdam) Formation, and (B) Campbell's Quarry have been designated by Ontario as Areas of Natural or Scientific Interest (ANSI) –Earth Sciences. Management and stewardship of an ANSI is a municipal responsibility. Any development plans must "demonstrate that no negative impacts on the natural features or their ecological functions will occur".
As part of the the LRT extension to Kanata a Light Maintenance and Storage Facility (LMSF) is being built west of Moodie Drive between Corkstown Road and the Queensway. From 2025 to 2031 the extension of the LRT to Kanata is slated for construction from Moodie Drive to Eagleson Road/March Road and on through Kanata to Hazeldean Road. Between Moodie and Eagleson/March the LRT will run parallel with and along the north side of Highway 417 (See Manconi, 2018 , pages 20-22). In other parts of Ottawa where the LRT has been constructed (for example, close to the University of Ottawa), the dual tracks and track bed are about 10 meters wide. If the scale for Google Maps is accurate, then there are about 11 meters between the edge of the northern shoulder for the Queensway and the front of the tall outcrops that face the Queensway. The LRT will be constructed above the lower outcrops and could easily require blasting of the outcrops that are Greggs and Bond's (1972 ) principal reference section for the Nepean Formation. Ominously, the map at page 20 of Manconi's (2018) report suggests construction will take out most of the outcrop.
Christopher Brett
Ottawa
References and Suggested Reading
Beer, H.L., 1950
"Flotation of alumina, from Bells Corners silica"; Ore Dress Inv Rep. (unnumbered); CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1950. [referenced in Collings and Andrews, 1989]
Bernius, G. R., 1981,
Boreholes Near Ottawa for the Development and Testing of Borehole Logging Equipment - A preliminary Report GSC Paper 81-1C, p. 51-53
https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/publications/STPublications_PublicationsST/116/116175/pa_81_1c.pdf
Bernius, G. R., 1996,
Borehole Geophysical Logs from the GSC Borehole Geophysics test site at Bell’s Corners, Nepean, Ontario, GSC Open File 3157, 38 pages, doi:10.4095/207617
Brand, U., and Rust, B.R., 1977a
The age and upper boundary of the Nepean formation in its type section area near Ottawa, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 2002–2006.
www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e77-171 #.WR-TQbiN0r0
Brand, U., and Rust, B.R., 1977b
The age and upper boundary of the Nepean formation in its type section area near Ottawa, Ontario: Reply. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 2671–2673. 10.1139/e77-233
Brett, Christopher, 2017
Why has hardly anyone referred to core from the GSC’s Borehole Geophysics Test Area at Bell’s Corners, Ottawa, when the core contains a 50 cm thick shale layer in the Nepean Formation and the core straddles the boundary between the Nepean Formation and the overlying March Formation? Blog Posting, Monday, 22 May 2017
http://fossilslanark.blogspot.com/2017/05/why-has-hardly-anyone-referred-to-core.html
Collings, R.K. and P.R.A. Andrews, 1989
Summary Report No. 4: Silica. Mineral Processing Laboratory, CANMET Mineral Sciences Laboratory, 135 pages https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/rncan-nrcan/m38-13/M38-13-89-1-eng.pdf
Crow, H L; Brewer, K D; Cartwright, T J; Gaines, S; Heagle, D; Pugin, A J -M; Russell, H A J
2021 New core and downhole geophysical data sets from the Bells Corners Borehole Calibration Facility Ottawa, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8811, 2021, 36 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/328837 Released: 2021 09 14
Dix, George R., Salad Hersi, Osman, and Nowlan, Godfrey S., 2004
The Potsdam-Beekmantown Group boundary, Nepean Formation type section (Ottawa, Ontario): a cryptic sequence boundary, not a conformable transition, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2004, 41(8): 897-902, http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/e04-040
Egner, M.C., 1994
Weathering Characteristics of Building Stone at Ottawa, Canada. Carleton University, Thesis, Master of Science. 209 pages
https://doi.org/10.22215/etd/1994-02814
https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/0c68f4a1-b270-491b-a49c-434a7a865ff6/etd_pdf/e4a03c2b65def31470d3d23e7b9fa119/egner-weatheringcharacteristicsofbuildingstoneat_col.pdf
Fejer, P.J., 1986
Correlation and Depositional Environments of an Ordovician Succession in the Bell's Corners Area near Ottawa, Unpub. B.Sc. Thesis, University of Ottawa, May 1, 1986.
(Not available. Cited by Bernius (1996), but not listed in Carleton University Library catalogue https://library.carleton.ca/)
Greggs, R. G. and Bond, I. J., 1972
A principal reference section proposed for the Nepean Formation of probable Tremadocian age near Ottawa, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, pp. 933-941. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/e72-078
Greggs, R. G. and Bond, I. J., 1973.
Erratum: A principal reference section proposed for the Nepean Formation of probable Tremadocian age near Ottawa, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 10, p. 329
Greggs, R. G. and Bond, I. J., 1977
The age and upper boundary of the Nepean formation in its type section area near Ottawa, Ontario: Discussion. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 2669–2671. 10.1139/e77-232
Hewitt, D.F., 1951[?]
Silica in Ontario. Industrial Mineral Circular No. 2 - Ontario. Department of Mines, 17 pages
Hewitt, D.F., 1963
Silica in Ontario. Industrial Mineral Report No. 9. Ontario. Department of Mines, 36 pages
http://ccob.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/silica-in-ontario.pdf
Hewitt, D.F., 1964
Building Stones of Ontario. Part IV Sandstone. Industrial Mineral Report No. 17. Ontario. Department of Mines, 57 pages
Huggins, F.W., 1950
Testwork on Bells Corners Sandstone. Report (unnumbered), 1950.
[cited as Ont. — 37 (Ref. No. 133) at page 116 in Collings and Andrews, 1989]
Lowe, David G., 2016
Sedimentology, Stratigraphic Evolution and Provenance of the Cambrian – Lower Ordovician Potsdam Group in the Ottawa Embayment and Quebec Basin. Doctoral Thesis. University of Ottawa. 435 pages https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/35303
MacPherson, A.R., 1951
"Report on Bells Corners sandstone for production of glass sand"; Ore Dress Inv Rep 4; CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1951 [referenced in Collings and Andrews, 1989]
Manconi, John, 2018
Kanata Light Rail Transit Planning and Environmental Assessment Study (Moodie Drive to Hazeldean Road
http://ottwatch.ca/meetings/file/519019
Morrison Hershfield, Engineers, 2017
Moodie Light Rail Transit Extension.
https://documents.ottawa.ca/sites/documents/files/Bayshore%20to%20Moodie%20BRT%20Conversion%20to%20LRT%20Environmental%20Project%20Report.pdf
Owen, E. B., 1962
Proposed site for an experimental mine, Bells Corners area, Carleton County, Ontario
Owen, E B; Geological Survey of Canada, Topical Report 57, 1962, 42 pages (2 sheets), https://doi.org/10.4095/289967
Owen, E. B., 1963
Experimental Mine, in Summary of Activities: Office and Laboratory, 1962; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper no. 63-2, 1963 p. 73,
Powell, R.D. and M.A. Klugman, 1979
Silica Sand Potential in Eastern Ontario Preliminary Report I, p. I-22, Ontario Geological Survey, OFR5265 [1-E North Elmsley; OC-A March, p. 175] http://www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/records/OFR5265.html
Sanford , B. V. And Arnott, R.W.C., 2010
Stratigraphic and structural framework of the Potsdam Group in eastern Ontario, western Quebec, and northern New York State. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 597, 83 pages
Vos, M.A., 1978
Silica in Ontario, Supplement; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5236, 50 p., 23 figures, 3 tables. http://www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndmfiles/pub/data/imaging/OFR5236/OFR5236.pdf
Williams, D.A., 1991
Paleozoic Geology of the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland, Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5770, 292p
Williams, D. A., Rae, A. M. And Wolf, R.R., 1982
Paleozoic Geology of the Ottawa Area, Southern Ontario, Ontario Geological Survey, Map P. 2716, Geological Series, Preliminary Map, scale 1:50,000, Geology by D. A Williams, A. M. Rae, And R.R. Wolf, 1982
Wilson, Alice E. 1946
Geology of the Ottawa - St. Lawrence Lowland, Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of
Canada, Memoir 241. 65 pages
Wilson, Alice E., 1956
A Guide to the Geology of the Ottawa District, Volume 70, 1, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 73 pages, including five plates, and 1 map sheet. Campbell Quarry at page 23.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90128#page/33/mode/1up
